What were the largest towns, prefectures, and countries in the Northern Song Dynasty?

Kaifeng Urban Development.

The development of ancient Chinese cities took a new turn in the Northern Song Dynasty. Before the Northern Song Dynasty, cities were generally divided into fang and city districts, that is, residential areas and commercial areas were strictly separated. During the Northern Song Dynasty, with the development of the commodity economy and the increase of urban population, the boundaries of "fang" and "city" were completely broken, and shops could be opened anywhere, no longer in a centralized way.

Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, is the most prosperous city, there are many handicraft workshops in the city, shops, hostels, and stalls on both sides of the street, people come and go, and it is very lively. The goods in the market include department stores from all over the country as well as various goods from abroad. There are no restrictions on business hours, and in addition to opening during the day, there is also a night market and a dawn market.

There is also a regular market and a regular market in the city. Among them, Daxiangguoji Temple is open five times a month, and the scale is very large. There are also "Washe" (or "Washi") in the city, which has "Goolan" (singing and dancing places), wine shops and teahouses, as well as storytellers and acting, which have become the center of entertainment.

The "Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival" painted by Zhang Zeduan of the Song Dynasty is an artistic reflection of the city's commercial prosperity at that time.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, due to the breaking of the old fang system, the zoning of industries in the city gradually disappeared, so the status of guilds became more important and more tightly organized. During the Tang Dynasty, some urban commercial areas were expanded outside the city, called grass markets, and were more developed during the Northern Song Dynasty. There are also small markets in the countryside that are open regularly, called bazaars in the north and bazaars or rush markets in the south.

In the grass market or market, the market and the market, agricultural products and cloth, bamboo, wood and other daily necessities account for the bulk of the trade, there are also some production tools trade. Some grass markets, markets, and bazaars have gradually developed into fixed towns on the basis of developed exchanges. Towns are the bridge between the city and the countryside, and their development is conducive to the prosperity of the commodity economy.

It seems to be about 400, at that time, the state was only a city or county level, and the province was represented by roads, and Zhejiang was called Liangzhejiang Road.

The four famous towns refer to Zhuxian Town in Henan Province (printmaking and New Year paintings), Hankou Town in Hubei Province (commercial center), Foshan Town in Guangdong Province (handicraft industry), and Jingdezhen Town in Jiangxi Province (porcelain).

The "town" here is not the same as the "town" of the current administrative division, and the "town" referred to here is a military area. Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province, is famous for its blue and white porcelain and is known as the "porcelain capital". Zhuxian Town, Henan Province, was an important place for water and land transportation and commerce in the northern region in ancient times.

It is famous for its traditional folk crafts Zhu Xianzhen woodblock New Year paintings. Hankou Town, Hubei Province, a water and land transportation hub, prosperous merchants in the Ming and Qing dynasties, has the reputation of "the first prosperity in Chu, the thoroughfare of nine provinces". Foshan Town, Guangdong, was an important handicraft town in the south during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Qi, Qing, Mi, Yi, Deng, Lai, Wei, Zi, Yan, Xu, Cao, Yun, Ji, Shan, Pulu, Jin, Jiang, Ze, Dai, Xin, Fen, Liao, Xian, Lan, Shi, Xi, Lin, Fu, Feng and other 240 prefectures.

In the Song Dynasty, the road was the government and the state. Although the province is at the same level as the state, its status is slightly higher than that of the state. At that time, the national capital, the accompanying capital, the place where the emperor was born, lived and traveled, and the important state were all converted into prefectures, and the situation was very similar to that of the Tang Dynasty.

According to the records of "Yuanfeng Nine Domains": in 1085 (the eighth year of Yuanfeng), there were 14 prefectures and 240 prefectures in the country.

The chief executive at the state level is called "Zhizhou (military, prison) affairs", and at the state level, there is also a post of general judgment to check the power of the governor. The most alternative expression of the administrative division of the Song Dynasty is the invention of the "road". The road is directly under the jurisdiction of the first level and higher than the government, state, military and prison.

To the road for three years, a total of 15 roads, later analyzed into 18 roads, and then analyzed into 23 roads.

Administrative divisions.

The Song Dynasty learned the lesson of the Tang Dynasty's feudal towns, and the first-level administrative division was changed to "road". In the third year of Zhidao (997), it was determined to be 15 roads, including Jingdong, Jingxi, Hebei, Hedong, Shaanxi, Huainan, Jiangnan, Jinghunan, Jinghubei, Liangzhejiang, Fujian, Xichuan, Xia, Guangnan East, and Guangnan West five roads. In the fourth year of Xianping (1001), Xichuan was divided into Lizhou and Yizhou two roads, and the Xiaxia Road was Kuizhou and Zizhou two roads.

In the fourth year of Tianxi (1020), Jiangnan Road was divided into Jiangnan East and West Second Roads. In the fifth year of Xining (1072), Jingxi Road was divided into North and South Second Road, Huainan Road was divided into East and West Second Road, and Shaanxi was divided into Yongxingjun and Qinfeng Second Road. After that, Hebei Road was divided into East and West Second Road, and Jingdong was divided into East East and East East and East East East and East Road.

In the fifth year of Chongning (1106), Kaifeng Mansion was upgraded to Gyeonggi Road. [86]

In the fourth year of Xuanhe (1122), the Song-Jin covenant agreed to destroy the Yanshanfu Road and Yunzhongfu Road after the destruction of Liao. The result was not set later. After the southern crossing of Yanyan, the Song Dynasty set up 16 roads, including Liangzhedong East, Liangzhejiang West, Jiangnan East, Jiangnan West, Huainan East, Huainan West, Jinghu South, Jinghu North, Chongqing Mansion, Kuizhou, Tongchuan Mansion, Jingxinan Prefecture, Chengdu Prefecture, Lizhou, Fujian, Guangnan East, and Guangnan West.

The administrative division and local political system of the Song Dynasty can be described as emphasizing the inside over the outside, and it is highly centralized. Although it avoided the situation of separating feudal towns, it led to the poverty of local defense, and also caused the end of the Song Dynasty to continue to suffer from external troubles.

The Song Dynasty had four capitals, namely Kaifeng Mansion in Tokyo, Yingtianfu in Nanjing[91], Henan Mansion in Xijing, and Daimyo Mansion in Beijing.

Song Shenzong tried to expand his territory and obtained Sui, Xi, He, Tao, Min, Lan and other prefectures. During the reign of Zhezong, he further acquired the land in the Huangshui Basin, the upper reaches of the Tao River and the area around Guide. In the third year of Xuanhe (1121), Xi'an Prefecture and Huaide Army were taken by Western Xia.

After the southern crossing of Jianyan, the territory of the Song Dynasty was limited to the south of the Huai River in the Qinling Mountains and the east of the Minshan Mountains. The Song Dynasty also set up Li, Xu, Lu, Guizhou, Yong and other prefectures at the junction with Dali.

There are more than 1,000 of them, I don't know the specifics... By the way, there will be no more than 1200, at least 1020-1090, at most 1100-1150. It will not exceed this number.

Wuxuan County, Xiaogan County, Yanggu County, Anhui She County...