The achievements of science and technology and literature and art in the Western Zhou Dynasty

The Xia Dynasty was the first dynasty in the history of our country, mainly in animal husbandry and agriculture, and had certain development in pottery, jade, stone, bone, textile and architecture. In the late Xia period, the casting of bronze ware had reached a certain level.

By the Yin Shang period, agriculture and handicrafts were more developed, and the development of bronze ware from the late Shang Dynasty to the early Western Zhou Dynasty reached its first peak. The bronzes of this period are numerous and varied, in addition to daily life utensils and weapons, there are also ceremonial instruments; The use of fan casting method, exquisite workmanship; Bronze ornamentation adopts animal patterns, natural weather patterns, geometric patterns and figure patterns, etc., and the common ones are tao tie, kui (loss), dragon, phoenix, clouds, waves, etc.; The overall atmosphere is solemn, deep and dignified, mysterious and weird, with a fierce beauty.

The arc-shaped is called moire, and the square fold is also called thunder, and the cloud thunder pattern is a collective name for both. (** for the Han Dynasty Wadang rubbing).

The more representative bronzes of this period are: Simu Wu (wu) Dafang Ding, Siyang Fangzun.

Simu Wu Dafang Ding is the representative of the bronze ware in the late Shang period, its name itself gives us easy to remember and explain the information, "Simu Wu" is the three words cast in the Ding, "Dafang Ding" shows that it is large and square, its Ding body is rectangular, the outline is straight, the Ding mouth, the Ding foot and the Ding ear are thick and stout, the Ding body has the cloud and thunder pattern for the ground, and there are Panlong Wen and gluttonous patterns on it, the momentum is majestic and mysterious, it is a symbol of the sovereignty and majesty of the slaves of the Shang and Zhou Dynasty.

Siyang Fangzun is also a representative of bronze ware from the late Shang Dynasty, and its name also comes from its own characteristics. This device is based on the cloud and thunder pattern, there are four dragons circling on the shoulder, there are four curly horned sheep at the four corners, and the sheep body has a lin pattern, and the image is quiet. This vessel integrates line carving, relief carving, and round carving, and skillfully combines the flat image with the three-dimensional sculpture, the utensils and the animal image in the attack, and is made with precision workmanship, majestic and peculiar, and concentrates on showing the highest level of bronze art in the late Shang Dynasty.

The Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period was the second peak of the development of bronze ware. During this period, the rites collapsed, the princes of various countries began to cast bronzes, and some new techniques, new techniques and new artistic styles appeared. In addition to the traditional fan casting method, there are also co-casting methods, sub-casting methods, welding methods, especially the lost wax method to make the casting effect more refined; In terms of decoration techniques, there are gold and silver mistakes, gilding, inlays, etc., plain and flat decorations are gradually increasing, and animal face patterns have basically disappeared; The overall artistic style got rid of the strong mystery of the early period, and developed in the direction of practicality, and the types of ritual utensils were reduced, closer to life, lively, fresh and gorgeous.

The lotus crane square pot is a representative work of bronze ware in the Spring and Autumn Period, unearthed in Xinzheng, Henan. The whole body is decorated with chi, the ears, feet and ridges are all vivid monsters, and the hollow lotus petals surround the top of the pot, and in the middle is a crane that wants to spread its wings. This vessel is different from the mysterious majesty of the Shang Dynasty and the rational and elegant style of the Western Zhou Dynasty, showing the free and lively, fresh and vibrating style of the Qingling Chan defeated bronze ware in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Answer: Analysis:

As early as more than 4,000 years ago, the Xia Dynasty had a calendar. The Bi Li record of meteor showers and solar eclipses during the Xia Dynasty in ancient books is the earliest record in the history of astronomy in the world. There were 16 kinds of diseases recorded in the Shang Dynasty texts, and the Zhou Dynasty already had a branch of medicine and spine division.

There are internal, external, nutritional care and veterinarians, etc.

1. Oracle and Jinwen.

1 Yin Ruins and Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

2 Shang Zhou Jinwen.

2. Science and technology.

1 Xia Shang astronomical calendar.

2 The scientific and technological achievements of Shang Zhou.

3. Historiography and philosophy.

1 The oldest history book in our country - "Shangshu".

2 "Zhou Yi" and its evaluation.

Fourth, the world-famous art of bronze casting.

During the Xia, Shang and Zhou periods, bronze art achievements were the most prominent, so the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties were known as the "Bronze Age".

Bronzes from the Xia Dynasty are currently found in fewer and fragmentary pieces.

The Shang Dynasty was the prosperous era of bronzes, and bronzes were mostly seen in ritual or weapons. The largest is Simu Wuding (so far), and the most exquisite Siyang Fangzun (at that time). At the same time, there were also Sanxingdui bronzes from Sichuan

The culture of the Xia Shang had little influence on China.

The hundred schools of thought in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty had a great influence on China.

The Xia, Shang, and Western dynasties are the childhood of Chinese history, and the Chinese language is not counted by hand.

The origin and foundation are the most basic characteristics of this period, and the characteristics reflected in the culture are: traditional Chinese culture.

The foundation was laid, and it became a potato mill body, laying the foundation for leading the development of world culture for a long time.