-
Anonymous users2024-02-06The whole process of aerobic respiration can be divided into three stages: the first stage (called glycolysis), one molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, and a small amount of hydrogen (denoted by [h]) is produced in the process of decomposition, and a small amount of energy is released at the same time. This stage is carried out in the cytoplasmic matrix; In the second stage (known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle or citric acid cycle), pyruvate undergoes a series of reactions to break down into carbon dioxide and hydrogen, while releasing a small amount of energy.
This stage is carried out in the **chondrial matrix; In the third stage (respiration electron transport chain), hydrogen produced in the first two stages undergoes a series of reactions that combine with oxygen to form water, while releasing a large amount of energy. This stage is carried out in the inner membrane of the chondrium.
Cellular respiration must have mitochondria to produce carbon dioxide, and glucose can only enter the mitochondria if it is broken down into pyruvate in the cytoplasmic matrix, and the cell homogenate in the cell contains everything in the cell, so it can, and it is the same, there are pyruvate and mitochondria, so it is also possible, glucose cannot enter the mitochondria, and can only produce pyruvate without mitochondria for the next stage to produce carbon dioxide, and pyruvate can only be converted into carbon dioxide in the ** chondrium.
-
Anonymous users2024-02-05The knowledge points of biophotosynthesis and respiration are as follows:
The first stage is carried out in the cytoplasmic matrix, the raw materials are sugar returns, etc., the products are pyruvate, hydrogen, ATP, the second stage is carried out ** granules, the raw materials are pyruvate and water, the products are C02, ATP, hydrogen, the third stage ** chondria, the raw materials are hydrogen and oxygen, the products are water, ATP, the first.
The common products of the first and second stages are hydrogen and ATP, and the common products of the three stages are glucose aerobic respiration to produce energy of 2870 kj, which can be used for life activities of 1161 kj.
With the heat energy dissipated 1709 kj, the available energy produced by anaerobic respiration is kj, and the energy kj is released after hydrolysis of 1molatp. The first stage is the same as aerobic respiration, which is the decomposition of glucose into pyruvate and the second stage of the reaction is the decomposition of pyruvate into CO2 and hail alcohol or into C3H3O3 (lactic acid). Temperature affects the respiration of cells by affecting the activity of enzymes involved in respiration within the cell.
The earliest photosynthesis:
In 1990, a fossilized red algae, the first known sexually reproducing species on Earth, was discovered in the Canadian Arctic, and is believed to be the oldest ancestor of modern plants and animals ever discovered. There was no consensus on the age of the red algae hail fossils, with most of them believing that they lived about 1.2 billion years ago.
In order to determine the age of this red algae fossil, the researchers went to Baffin Island, Canada, to collect the black shale containing this red algae fossil and analyzed it with rhenium-osmium isotope dating, and believed that the red algae fossil is 100 million years old. Based on the confirmation of the age of red algae fossils, the researchers used a mathematical model called a "molecular clock" to calculate biological evolutionary events based on the rate of genetic mutations. They concluded that about 100 million years ago, eukaryotes began to evolve chlorophyll that can perform photosynthesis.
-
Anonymous users2024-02-041. Aerobic respiration:
Aerobic respiration three-stage response type and place.
The first stage of aerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasmic matrix, namely:
C6H12O6 2C3H4O3 (pyruvate) + 4 [H] + a small amount of energy (2ATP) (each arrow is added with an enzyme, the same below).
2C3H4O3 + 6H2O 6CO2 + 20 [H] + small amount of energy (2ATP).
24[H]+6O2 12H2O+ Massive energy (34ATP).
Total reaction formula C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2 6CO2+12H2O+ Massive energy.
Anaerobic respiration: (both phases are carried out in the cytoplasmic matrix).
The first stage is the same as aerobic respiration: C6H12O6 2 pyruvate (C3H4O3) + 4 [H] + a small amount of energy.
In the second stage, pyruvate is converted to alcohol or lactic acid, and no energy is produced.
2 pyruvate (C3H4O3) + 4 [H] 2C3H6O3 (lactate).
2 pyruvate (C3H4O3) + 4 [H] 2C2H5OH (alcohol) + 2CO2
Total reaction formula C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 (lactic acid) + small amount of energy.
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH (alcohol) + 2CO2 + small amount of energy.
2. Comparative analysis of photosynthesis light reaction and dark reaction.
From the perspective of the relationship with light, the relationship with temperature, the place, the necessary conditions, the change of matter, the change of energy, etc.).
Light Reaction Dark Reaction.
Relationship with light.
Light is not required to participate in the reaction Light is not required to participate in the reaction.
Relationship with temperature.
The right temperature is not needed The right temperature is not required.
Location. Thlakoid membranes on the chloroplast matrix.
Condition. Light, chlorophyll and many enzymes related to it.
Changes in matter. Photolysis of water.
Chlorophyll. 2h2o———4[h]+o2↑
Absorbs light energy. Formation of ATP:
Enzyme. ADP+PI+Energy– ATP
CO2 is fixed.
Enzyme. co2+c5—→2c3
CO2 is reduced to sugar:
Enzyme. 2c3+[h]——c6h12o6
atp→adp+pi
Energy changes. Light energy is converted into active chemical energy in ATP The active chemical energy in ATP is converted into stable chemical energy in C6H12O6.
Contact. The product of the light reaction [H] is a reducing agent of CO2 in the dark reaction; ATP formed by light reactions provides energy for dark reactions.
The ADP and PI produced by the dark reaction provide the raw materials for the formation of ATP by the light reaction. The dark reaction continues to complete the process of synthesizing inorganic matter into organic matter and storing energy in organic matter.
The total reaction formula is 6CO2+12H2O C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2 (light on the top of the arrow and chloroplast on the bottom).
-
Anonymous users2024-02-03Photosynthesis and respiration.
High 3 Biology] Photosynthesis and Respiration.
1. Which structure of the plant can be photosynthesized?
Chloroplasts (organelles), chloroplasts of higher greens are mainly found in the mesophyll cells of the leaves, but other cells may also have chloroplasts. >>>More
37 In the second space, you calculate the amount of oxygen, and the question asks about glucose, so you need to use the relative molecular mass to convert. >>>More
From the perspective of endosymbiotic, the chloroplasts in modern higher plants or lower eukaryotic photosynthetic algae actually come from cyanobacteria. In other words, in the long evolutionary process, the ancestors of plant cells swallowed cyanobacteria and found that they could photosynthesize to provide energy, so they kept them in their bodies. After a long time, cyanobacteria gradually lose other functions that have nothing to do with photosynthesis, and the whole becomes a part of the plant cell. >>>More
Shouldn't the value of vegetables be pesticide-free and organic?