Agricultural production cooperatives and household production contract responsibility system

In 1953, one transformation was implemented, in which the rural areas established agricultural production cooperatives, because before the peasants were in the form of private ownership (from 1950 to 1952 the land reform was carried out, the private ownership of the land of the feudal landlords for more than 2,000 years was abolished, and the land was distributed to the peasants, although the peasants were allocated the land, but it has always existed in the form of private ownership), the level of agricultural productivity was low at that time, which was not conducive to the development of the national economy, and the state wanted to change the means of production from private ownership to public ownership during the transitional period. At the same time, the development of the rural economy was promoted, so in terms of the form of ownership, agricultural production cooperatives were implemented, so that the peasants could gradually transition in the form of production cooperation.

In 1978, the household responsibility system was introduced, which was also a change in ownership, because the original agricultural production cooperatives and peasants ate a big pot of rice, and egalitarianism was not conducive to improving the peasants' enthusiasm for production and was not conducive to the development of the rural economy, so after the Third Plenary Session of the 11 th CPC Central Committee, the biggest change in the reform of the rural economic system was to change the original agricultural production cooperatives, implement the household responsibility system, improve the peasants' enthusiasm for production, and promote the development of the rural economy. After nearly thirty years of practice, this has been proven to be true.

In order to quickly enter socialism, because this production relationship was not a reflection of the social productive forces at that time, the production cooperatives seriously dampened the production enthusiasm of the Lalay peasants and affected economic development.

To put it simply, the household contract responsibility system is a change for the rural areas, emancipating the rural productive forces, promoting the improvement of labor productivity and the all-round development of the rural economy, and improving the living standards of the vast number of peasants.

Legal analysis: It was proposed by 18 farmers in Xiaogang Village, Fengli Commune, Fengyang County, Anhui Province. On the evening of November 24, 1978, 18 peasants were crowded with the low and dilapidated thatched hut of Yan Lihua's family at the west end of Xiaogang Village, Fengli Commune, Fengyang County, Anhui Province.

A secret meeting concerning the fate of the whole village is being held here at this moment. The immediate result of this meeting was the birth of a lump sum pledge of less than 100 words. There are three main ones:

The first is to divide the fields into households; the second is to no longer reach out to the state to ask for money and food; Third, if the cadres are imprisoned, the members promise to support their children until they are 18 years old. At the meeting, captain Yan Junchang particularly emphasized, "We divide the fields into households, hide them from the top and the bottom, and are not allowed to disclose them to anyone." In 1978, this move was a brave and even great feat.

Legal basis: "Minutes of the National Rural Work Conference" Up to now, more than 90 percent of the country's rural production teams have established different forms of agricultural production responsibility systems; The large-scale changes have passed, and now, they have entered the stage of summarizing, perfecting, and stabilizing.

The rapid progress made in the work of establishing a responsibility system for agricultural production reflects the strong desire of hundreds of millions of peasants to develop socialist agriculture in accordance with the actual conditions in China's rural areas. The establishment of the production responsibility system has not only overcome the long-standing malaise of "eating from a big pot" in the collective economy, but has also brought about a partial readjustment of production relations through the improvement of labor organization and remuneration methods, corrected the long-standing shortcomings of overly centralized management and an excessively simple mode of operation, and made it more suitable for the economic conditions in China's rural areas. At present, the main economic form in China's rural areas is a collective economy with different organizational scales and different modes of operation.

Along with it, there are state farms and a family economy as a subsidy. Such a diversified socialist agricultural economic structure is conducive to promoting the faster development of the social productive forces and giving full play to the superiority of the socialist system. It is bound to bring broad prospects for rural economic construction and social development.

Practice has proved that the rural policies formulated and implemented by the party since the Third Plenary Session of the CPC Central Committee are completely correct, and the work done by party organizations at all levels in various localities in this regard is fruitful and of far-reaching significance.

Since this is a profound and complex change involving hundreds of millions of people, the time is short, the tasks are heavy, and the experience is insufficient, it is inevitable that there will be problems of one kind or another in our work. We need to adopt a positive and prudent attitude and do a good job in perfecting the production responsibility system without slackening. Therefore, from now on, with the exception of a small number of areas and social teams, in terms of the overall situation, it should be stabilized.

Leaders at all levels, including the principal responsible comrades of provinces, prefectures, counties, and communes, should go down to the grassroots level, conduct investigations and studies, train cadres in a planned way, sum up experience, unify understanding, and solve practical problems, so that the existing responsibility system for agricultural production, including the responsibility system for agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline products, and fisheries, can be further improved.

1. The emergence of agricultural cooperatives is earlier than the household contract responsibility system, which is a product of the economic era of planned numbers and ascending calendars. At that time, China was at the beginning of liberation, its economic foundation was extremely weak, and international political enemies were waiting for it. Therefore, under the premise of taking into account specific historical conditions and national conditions, the party and the state put forward a prudent agricultural cooperation model, and adopted centralized management of means of production, unified allocation, and sharing of labor results.

Under the circumstances at that time, this model well solved the contradiction of high population density and relatively little cultivated land in our country.

2. With the continuous development and progress of the social productive forces, the continuous improvement of the country's economic strength, and the corresponding increase in the people's requirements for living standards, agricultural cooperation at this time obviously restricts the development of the overall economy and macroeconomic regulation and control, which is out of date. Moreover, the degrading effect of agricultural cooperatives is gradually becoming apparent. It is precisely under these conditions that the household responsibility system came into being, and the introduction and implementation of this system not only fundamentally solves the negative and unfair phenomena brought about by large-scale agricultural cooperation, but also plays a role that cannot be underestimated in the diversified development of the economy.

3. After obtaining the vast majority of the autonomy of land and means of production, the peasants have exerted their initiative and creativity to a great extent, thus creating an agricultural miracle that feeds 22% of the world's population with only 7% of the world's arable land! It also laid a solid foundation for the later agricultural industrialization and scientific and technological subdivision.

4. Agricultural cooperativeization is a specific product under specific historical conditions, and the household responsibility system is inherited from agricultural cooperativeization. Between the two is both a contradiction and a unity. That is, the relationship of opposites and unity.

Legal Analysis: The Rural Household Responsibility System for Household Production Contracting Liability System refers to the form of agricultural production responsibility system in which peasant households contract land and other means of production and production tasks to collective organizations with households as units.

Legal basis: Article 8 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China provides that rural collective economic organizations shall implement a two-tier management system based on household contract management and combining unified and decentralized operations. Various forms of cooperative economy, such as production, supply and marketing, credit, and consumption, in the rural areas are socialist economies under the collective ownership of the working masses.

Laborers who participate in rural collective economic organizations have the right to operate their own plots, their own mountains, their household sideline businesses, and raise their own livestock within the limits prescribed by law. The various forms of cooperative economy in the handicraft, industrial, construction, transportation, commercial, and service industries in the cities and towns are all socialist economies under the collective ownership of the working masses. The State protects the legitimate rights and interests of urban and rural collective economic organizations and encourages, guides, and assists in the development of the collective economy.