What are the characteristics of the research methods adopted in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Pro

The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project collected, sorted, identified and researched the ancient documents handed down and the unearthed oracle bone inscriptions, gold inscriptions and other materials; The relevant astronomical phenomena and calendar records are calculated and thus extrapolated by modern astronomy.

Dating it; At the same time, the typical archaeological sites and burial materials were sorted out and studied in stages, and the necessary excavations were carried out, and the samples were obtained for carbon-14 dating.

Specific features: 1. Top-level design - it can be said that engineering or political engineering characteristics.

2. The combination of natural, social and humanities disciplines.

It is not a complete failure, at least the Shang and Zhou dynasties are still relatively successful, because there are more historical records and archaeological discoveries, so China's civilization to the Shang Dynasty can be determined. As for the Xia Dynasty, due to the lack of historical materials, and the record of the Xia Dynasty is too fantastical, from the perspective of scientific research, it cannot be admitted. It's like Japan's Eight Generations of Debt, which has a history of thousands of years.

The mythology is too strong to be widely recognized by the world. The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project is a cultural project in China, a scientific research project that combines natural sciences with humanities and social sciences to study the chronology of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties in Chinese history, and is a multidisciplinary system project that tackles key problems.

It cannot be said that it failed, the dynastic project gave a rough chronology of the Xia Shang Zhou, which played a role in promoting future academic research, but there were indeed many controversies. Many scholars at home and abroad have indeed maintained a certain degree of skepticism about the conclusion of the project in line with a rigorous and prudent academic attitude; There are also some foreign scholars who do not recognize China's efforts, believing that as long as China supports such research, it must have a political purpose. Subsequent archaeological discoveries have also proved that some of the inferences were wrong.

According to the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project", in which year did the Xia Dynasty begin?

a.2060 BC.

b.2070 B.C.

c.2080 BC.

d.2090 BC.

Correct answer: B

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Analysis: The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project is a rock slide scientific research project that combines natural sciences with humanities and social sciences to study the chronology of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties in Chinese history, and is a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary joint research system project. The project is a national key scientific and technological research project in the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" of the People's Republic of China.

The project was officially launched on May 16, 1996 and passed the national acceptance on September 15, 2000.

In the autumn of 1995, Song Jian, director of the State Science and Technology Commission (now the Ministry of Science and Technology), invited some scholars in Beijing to hold a symposium, at which Song Jian proposed and discussed the idea of establishing the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties.

At the end of 1995, a meeting was held to set up a leading group for the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project, the leading group was composed of the State Science and Technology Commission, the Natural Science Association, the Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Social Sciences, the State Education Commission (now the Ministry of Education), the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, and the China Association for Science and Technology.

In the spring of 1996, the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project organized an expert group composed of 21 experts from different disciplines, and drew up a feasibility demonstration report for the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project. The feasibility study was approved in May 1996.

On May 16, 1996, a meeting was held to officially announce the start of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project. This scientific research project, involving history, archaeology, astronomy, scientific and technological dating and other disciplines, is divided into 9 topics, 44 topics, and directly involved 200 experts and scholars.

Research Methods The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project collected, sorted, identified and studied the ancient documents handed down and the unearthed oracle bone inscriptions, gold inscriptions and other materials. The relevant astronomical phenomena and calendar records are calculated by modern astronomy in order to deduce their age; At the same time, the typical archaeological sites and burial materials were sorted out and studied in stages, and the necessary excavations were carried out, and the samples were obtained for carbon-14 dating.

Conclusion and Significance.

On November 9, 2000, the Xia Shang Zhou Dynasty Project officially announced the "Xia Shang Anniversary Table". The "Xia and Shang Anniversary Table" sets the Xia Dynasty as about 2070 BC, the Xia and Shang boundaries around 1600 BC, and the Shang and Zhou boundaries (the year of King Wu's war) as 1046 BC. According to the establishment of the year of King Wu and the first year of King Yi, the chronology of the Shang king Wuding and the chronology of the kings of the Western Zhou Dynasty were established.

The work of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project provides a time yardstick for the study of the origin and development of ancient Chinese civilization.

Scholars from the same discipline have made breakthroughs in some key points in their respective researches, and established a framework of three generations of empty silver age. He also extrapolated the chronology of the kings of the late Shang and Western Zhou dynasties, and made unprecedented and significant progress in chronological research.

It improved the quality of the project at that time, changed people's architectural thinking or sensitive road, provided more theoretical basis for our future generations of architecture, and had more reference experience, which provided support for the quality of life at that time.

First of all, the Xia and Shang anniversary tables were formulated, which were from 2070 to 1600 when the Xia Dynasty was defeated, the early Shang Dynasty was from 1600 to 1300, and the late Shang Dynasty was from Pangeng after the relocation of Yin. The academic research of Zhihe was promoted, and a complete framework also appeared in the early period of the Shangcha Gao Dynasty.

In this way, it is better to study the culture, limb society, nature, and humanities of the three different historical periods of Xia, Shang, and Zhou, which is conducive to the study of history.

After several years of hard work, on November 9, 2000, the "Xia Shang Anniversary Table" was officially promulgated, which is the most scientifically based ancient historical chronology in China so far. This chronology establishes a three-generation chronological framework of more than 1,200 years for China's history before 841 B.C., the first year of the Xia Dynasty is 2070 B.C., the first year of the Shang Dynasty is 1600 B.C., the first year of Pangeng Qianyin is 1300 B.C., and the first year of the Zhou Dynasty is 1046 B.C. Among them, the estimation of the first year of the Xia Dynasty, the era of the Xia and Shang demarcation, the reign of Wu Ding and the era of King Wu and the Shang Dynasty of King Wu are of great innovative significance, which not only creates good conditions for further accurate dating of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, but also lays a solid foundation for continuing to explore the origin and early development of Chinese civilization and revealing the clear context of the beginning and end of the 5,000-year history of civilization.

The important discoveries of the Erlitou site and the Yanshi site in the Luoyang area have provided reliable material evidence for the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties and made important contributions.

The main achievement was the formulation of the Xia Shang anniversary table. Four goals: First, before the first year of the Western Zhou Republic, that is, before 841 BC, starting from King Wu of Zhou and ending with King Li of Zhou, a relatively accurate date should be given.

That is to say, King Wu of Zhou is from year to year, King Cheng of Zhou is from year to year, and King Kang of Zhou is from year to year. I dare not say that it is absolutely accurate, but I want to give the number of years. Second, the late Shang Dynasty should be counted from Pangeng's relocation to Yin, but until today, according to the oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Yinxu, it is only determined to be Wuding.

Therefore, the kings of the Shang Dynasty after Wu Ding should also be given a more accurate date. Of course, this accuracy is worse than that of the Western Zhou. Third, a more detailed framework should be formulated for the early Shang Dynasty.

That is, not every king gives a number of years, but approximately from time to time. Fourth, the Xia Dynasty can only give a basic chronological framework.

The results of the Xia and Shang Dynasty are estimated to be 2070 BC, the boundary between the Xia and Shang dynasties is estimated to be 1600 BC, the Pangeng Qianyin is estimated to be 1300 BC, and the Wuwang Dynasty is 1046 BC.

Results: The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties project gave a rough chronology of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, which played a role in promoting future academic research.

As a phased achievement, it is not a final conclusion, and it is beneficial to academic progress through discussion.

With a large amount of capital and technical investment, Chinese archaeology has been greatly developed, especially at the technical level, and multidisciplinary joint research is conducive to the development of archaeology as an interdisciplinary discipline.

It is the first time that a scholar of humanities and social sciences has been the chief scientist of a national project in China, which is of great significance in itself.

High-level engineering and extensive academic discussions, especially large-scale publicity, are also of immeasurable significance for popularizing knowledge of history and archaeology.

It provides opportunities and challenges for the development of archaeology in China, and provides a good environment for the cultivation of archaeological talents.