How to prevent sulfonamide poisoning?

Sulfonamides are widely used in the prevention and control of some infectious diseases in poultry, coccidiosis, and cariniosis, but while exerting their best effects, they also have harmful effects on poultry and may cause acute or chronic poisoning. The susceptibility of different species, breeds, and ages of poultry to sulfonamides varies greatly. In general, purebreds are more sensitive than hybrid birds, and chicks are more sensitive than adult birds.

Excessive dosage or long-term use of ** sulfonamides are the main causes of this disease.

1) Main symptoms and autopsy changes The crown and flesh of the acutely sick chickens are pale, and from the body surface carefully observed, extensive subcutaneous bleeding can be seen, sometimes the eyelids and meat hair also have bleeding, and some sick chickens have diarrhea, and the death is mostly caused by excessive bleeding. The sick chickens with chronic poisoning are depressed, have reduced appetite, slow growth, loose feathers, pale crown and flesh, decreased egg production, and increased thin-shelled eggs and soft-shelled eggs.

The main changes in necropsy of sick chickens were bleeding from **, muscles, and internal organs. The bone marrow of mild chickens changes from normal dark red to light red, and turns yellow in severe cases; There are diffuse bleeding spots in the intestine, blood in the cecum, and bleeding in the stratum corneum of the glandular stomach and muscular stomach; The liver is swollen, yellow or brown, with hemorrhagic spots and necrotic foci; swelling of the spleen with hemorrhagic infarcts and gray nodular foci; There is a brush-like hemorrhage in the myocardium, and the gray nodular areas in the myocardium resemble those in the liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs.

2) Prevention and control Once sulfonamide poisoning is found in the flock, the use of feed or drinking water containing sulfonamides should be stopped immediately.

Cases of extensive bleeding have been observed, and there is currently no specific drug to treat them. Mildly poisoned sick chickens can be replaced with sodium bicarbonate and 5% glucose water for 1 2 days, and the content of vitamin K and B vitamins in the feed can be increased, which has a certain effect. For example, vitamin K3 can be added to the feed

or vitamin K4

Each chicken is injected intramuscularly with vitamin B12

2 mg or 50 100 mg of folic acid, or per milliliter per chicken, mix the vitamin B complex solution into drinking water for 3 5 consecutive days.

Prevention should pay attention to the use of sulfonamides, the calculation and weighing should be accurate, the stirring should be even, and the use time should not be too long, especially for chicks and the use of sulfaquinoline and sulfadimethalazine; Chicks that are particularly sensitive to sulfonamides should try to avoid the use of sulfonamides, and the dosage should not be too large, and the use time should generally not exceed 3 to 5 days; During the use of sulfonamides, the content of vitamin K and vitamin B in the feed should be increased; The combination of 2 and 3 sulfonamides can not only improve the control effect, slow down the formation of bacterial resistance, but also reduce the dosage of drugs.

When using sulfonamides, the dosage should be accurate, the stirring should be even, and the continuous medication time should generally not exceed 5 days. Try to use sulfonamides containing antimicrobial synergists, ** in intestinal diseases, try to use sulfonamides with low intestinal absorption. At the same time, attention should be paid to increasing the content of B vitamins and vitamin K in the feed, providing sufficient drinking water, and young and egg-laying pigeons under 1 month of age should try to avoid the use of sulfonamides.

Once poisoning is found, the drug should be stopped immediately, sufficient drinking water should be provided, and 1% 2% sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) solution or 5% glucose water can also be drunk, and grams of vitamin C and 5 mg of vitamin K can be added to each kilogram of feed, and attention should be paid to adding multivitamins or complex vitamin B. In severe cases, 25 to 50 mg of vitamin C can be taken orally, or 50 mg of vitamin C can be injected intramuscularly.

Coccidiosis is mainly caused by the parasitic disease of the class Sporoidium, Eimeriaceae and Cryptosporidae in the order Eimeriaceae and Cryptosporidae in the intestinal mucosal epithelial cells of livestock and poultry.

The disease is caused by 7 species of coccidia of the genus Eimeria parasitic in the intestines of chickens, which mostly harms chicks of 15 to 50 days old, with an incidence of up to 50% and 70%, a mortality rate of 20% and 30%, and severe cases of up to 80%.

There are several commonly used medications:

1) Sulfadimethylpyrimidine should be mixed into drinking water for 2 days; Or mix with drinking water, drink for 4 days, stop the drug for 10 days, and then use a course of treatment.

2) Sulfaquine.

3) Aminopropyl is mixed into drinking water for 3 days.

4) Methyltriazinone (baycox, hexachloride).

Press the mixture into drinking water for 3 days.

Prevention of coccidiosis should be based on a combination of measures. Attention should be paid to the disinfection of the feeding environment for chicken coccidiosis, timely use of drug prevention, mixed into the feed for feeding, and rational use of anticoccidial drugs to avoid drug resistance. For gilts and laying hens that have been kept on metal mesh, drug prophylaxis should not be used.

For gilts moved from flat to cage, the usual amount of anticoccidial drug is used for prophylaxis before basketing, but no drug prophylaxis is required after basketing. Immunoprophylaxis can also be used, and there are a variety of commercial live oocyst vaccines on the market**, which should be immunized on time according to the instructions to produce a better protective effect.

For rabbit coccidiosis, prevention can only be achieved by drugs at present, and should be carried out under the guidance of a local veterinarian.

The adverse reactions of sulfonamides are generally less serious, and the main manifestations are acute and chronic poisoning.

1) Acute poisoning.

It is more common when sulfonamide sodium salt is given intravenously too quickly or in too large a dose, and it can also occur when the dose is too large for oral administration. The main manifestations are nerve excitation, ataxia, muscle weakness, vomiting, coma, anorexia and diarrhea.

2) Chronic poisoning.

It is mostly caused by excessive dosage and long medication time. The main symptoms are:

Urinary reactions.

Sulfonamides have certain damage to the kidneys, and long-term medication will cause hematuria, proteinuria, crystaluria, etc., so renal insufficiency, oliguria and shock sick animals and poultry should be used with caution. Drink plenty of water while taking the medicine.

Hematologic reactions.

It can cause granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, coagulation disorders, etc., so blood routine should be checked during medication.

Anaphylaxis. Erythematous drug eruption and drug fever may occur after medication.

Digestive disorders.

Loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, enteritis.

Suppressed immune system of poultry chicks, bleeding and atrophy of immune organs; Affect the egg production of eggs and poultry, the egg production rate decreases, and the egg breakage rate and soft shell rate increase.

The main adverse reactions of sulfonamides are: 1. Impaired renal function. Because sulfonamides have a low solubility in the urine, the precipitation of crystals damages the kidneys, resulting in crystalluria, hematuria, dysuria, and so on.

2. It will also inhibit hematopoietic function and reduce leukocytes. Allergic reactions can also occur.

Prevention and control measures: 1. Take sodium carbonate spasm at the same time, which can alkalize urine. 2. Drink more water to dilute urine.

Sulfonylureas should be used cautiously for liver and kidney insufficiency or senile diabetes, and try to choose sulfonylureas (such as glyconephrium) that have a short time, inactive metabolites, and are excreted through but through. Sulfonylureas are commonly associated with hypoglycemia, gastrointestinal reactions, hematologic reactions, nervous system reactions and allergic reactions, and the following methods should be used to alleviate adverse reactions: When using sulfonamides, the dose should be started with a small dose and increased every 4-7 days thereafter.

Patients with a severe hypoglycemic tendency should choose short-acting sulfonamides.

Sulfonylureas should be used cautiously for liver and kidney insufficiency or senile diabetes, and try to choose sulfonylureas (such as glyconephrium) that have a short time, inactive metabolites, and are excreted through but through.

Patients are instructed to avoid strenuous activity and to eat regularly after taking sulfonylureas.

Be aware of other medications and factors that enhance the hypoglycemic response.

When a patient has a mild hypoglycemic reaction, it must be treated promptly and the dose adjusted carefully, or a different agent must be changed.

Sick chicks show depression, loose feathers, anorexia, slow weight gain, increased thirst, diarrhea, pale combs, and sometimes swollen heads, blue-purple, due to local bleeding. Prolonged coagulation time, decreased granular leukocytes in the blood, hemolytic anemia. Some have symptoms such as spasms and paralysis.

Adult hens produce a noticeable decrease in egg production, their eggshells become thinner and rougher, brown eggshells fade, or they lay soft eggs. Some present with polyneuritis and systemic hemorrhagic changes.

Pathological changes. Bleeding from the muscles, muscles, and internal organs was first observed, with hemorrhagic spots of varying sizes under the skin, diffuse or brushy bleeding from the chest muscles, and patchy bleeding from the inner thighs. There are diffuse bleeding spots in the intestine and blood may be present in the cecum. Bleeding may also occur in the glandular stomach and under the stratocorneum corneum.

Upon further examination, the kidneys were visibly enlarged, yellowish-yellow, with purplish-red hemorrhagic spots on the surface. The ureters are thickened and filled with urate. Sulfonamide crystals are common in the renal pelvis and tubules.

The liver is enlarged, purplish-red or yellowish-brown, with bleeding spots or spots on the surface, and the gallbladder is enlarged and filled with bile. The spleen is also swollen with hemorrhagic infarcts and gray nodular areas. Myocardium may also have brush-like hemorrhage and gray nodular areas.

Epicardial hemorrhage. Meningeal hyperemia and edema. The bone marrow turns reddish or yellow.

Sulfonamide toxicity experiments have been widely reported, and they have also observed that the growth and development of the immune system such as the thymus, spleen, and bursa are significantly inhibited, their size and weight are reduced, and the lymphoid tissue in these organs shrinks.

Diagnostic differentiation. Mainly based on the medical history investigation, whether sulfonamides have been used, the type of medication, dosage, addition method, water supply, time and process of onset. It is also necessary to observe the clinical symptoms and the pathological changes of the necropsy of sick birds on the spot, and make a diagnosis by comprehensive analysis. If it is necessary to pursue the legal responsibility for sulfa poisoning, the suspected feed and sick poultry tissues should be tested for poison analysis.

The relevant inspection departments are requested to strictly take samples and conduct scientific laboratory analysis. Sulfonamides are stable in the tissues of sick birds and can remain in the tissues for several days even after the drug is stopped. Sulfonamide poisoning is diagnosed when the muscle, kidney, or liver levels exceed 2 10-5.

Prevention and control measures. In order to prevent the poisoning of chickens caused by sulfonamides, we should strictly select the appropriate sulfonamides with low toxicity, control the dose, route of administration and course of treatment, and increase the amount of water during the administration to ensure that the best temperature of drinking water.

By rate-limiting enzymes in the early stages of cholesterol biosynthesis i.e.

The inhibition of HMG-Coa reductase reduces cholesterol synthesis in hepatocytes, upregulates LDL receptors on the surface of hepatocytes, and accelerates serum LDL clearance. These drugs have the strongest cholesterol-lowering effect and also lower triacylglycerides.

1. Hypolipidemic effect:

HMG-Coa reductase is a rate-limiting enzyme in the cholesterol synthase system, statins can reduce cholesterol synthesis through its inhibition effect, reduce cholesterol concentration in serum and tissue cells, promote the increase of concentration-dependent low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity, accelerate the catabolism of LDL, and can reduce the production of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), so that the conversion of VLDL to LDL is reduced, thereby further reducing the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Therefore, statins can significantly reduce blood cholesterol and LDL levels.

2. Anti-atherosclerotic effect:

Statins are beneficial for delaying atherosclerosis because they can reduce blood lipids, reduce lipid infiltration and foam cell formation; Statins can reduce the level of serum endothelial adhesion molecules in patients with hyperlipidemia, and can regulate the expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules and the production of cytokines. Statins can also participate in the important links affecting the formation of atherosclerosis without relying on their lipid-lowering properties, directly inhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and promote apoptosis, stabilize atherosclerosis and delay the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. This effect may be exerted by blocking the hydroxymethylglutaric acid pathway, specifically by inhibiting the formation of isoprene-like metabolites. Statins have been shown to reduce the relative risk of coronary events in patients with or without coronary artery disease or hypercholesterolemia30.

3. Anti-osteoporotic effect:

The effect is a new pharmacological effect of statins that have nothing to do with lipid-lowering effects, and American animal experiments have found that elderly female rats with ovaries removed were given oral doses of statins, and after 35 days of medication, the bone density of trabecular bone increased by 39 94 compared with the original, which was nearly 2 times higher than that of the placebo group. A preliminary prospective study in older women taking lipid-lowering drugs found that taking statins was associated with increased bone mineral density in the hip and a reduced risk of fracture. Further research is needed on statins as potential bone anabolic agents.

Its adverse reactions include nausea, vomiting, rash, fever, hemolytic anemia, granulocytopenia, liver damage, etc., so patients with urinary tract infection with poor liver and kidney function should be used with caution. Effect: Sulfonamides are suitable for meningococcal meningitis, urinary tract infection, colitis, bacillary dysentery, tonsillitis, pneumonia, bronchitis, otitis media.