In ancient films, when does the Autumn Queen of the Autumn Queen s execution refer to??

After the beginning of autumn for the autumn queen, the ancients according to the meaning of the four seasons, spring and summer are long and autumn is defeated in winter, each has its own division, autumn and winter are the solar terms of slaughter, and autumn is harvested with knives, so the autumn is the season of execution! Satisfied.

Because in ancient times, agriculture was the mainstay, and the harvest was finished after the autumn, and it entered the farm, at this time, centralized processing can gather the crowd **, play a deterrent role, and there is a kind of killing atmosphere in the autumn and winter, and it may be because the weather is cold at this time, it is easy to dispose of corpses, and it is not easy to cause the spread of plague In ancient times, the execution of the death penalty was generally in the autumn and winter, which was related to the natural theocratic concept of the ancients, that is, to conform to the will of heaven. Spring and summer are the seasons when all things grow, while autumn and winter are the seasons when trees wither, symbolizing slaughter. Human behavior, including political activities, must conform to the time of heaven, otherwise they will be punished by the gods.

The emperor is the son of heaven, and he must abide by the will of heaven and act according to the time of heaven. The same is true for the execution of prisoners.

Dong Zhongshu, a master of the Spring and Autumn Ram School of Confucianism in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, inherited the Confucian idea of "the unity of heaven and man" and created a set of superstitious doctrines of "heaven and man induction". He believes that "there are four seasons in the sky, and the king has four politics, and celebration, reward, punishment, and punishment correspond to spring, summer, autumn, and winter." Providence is "virtue is not punished", "virtue is first and then punishment", so it should be rewarded in spring and summer, and executed in autumn and winter.

Because at this time, "heaven and earth are beginning to be suppressed", and the murderous spirit has arrived, it can be "punished with a hundred punishments" to show the so-called "punishment of the heavens". Emperor Zhang of the Eastern Han Dynasty reiterated in the second year: "The life and death of the king should be in accordance with the times."

Its law: there is no prison report in November or December. "Except for those who "never wait for the time" such as plotting rebellion and rebellion, the general death row prisoner must be executed after the frost falls in autumn and before the winter solstice.

Since then, the "autumn and winter executions" have been institutionalized by enshrined in the law. The laws of the Tang and Song dynasties stipulate that from the beginning of spring to the autumn equinox, except for the crimes of rebellion and trilogy, slaves and maids killing their masters, other crimes shall not be executed in spring.

The Qing Dynasty stipulated that prisoners who should be executed after a court trial were also to be executed in the autumn.

The term "Autumn Queen" is said to have originated in the Tang Dynasty, and literary works first appeared in the heroic biography of "Water Margin". Of course, the time of the beheading in the past dynasties is not necessarily stipulated in the autumn, but it was fixed in the Ming and Qing dynasties after the autumn, and after Jiaqing, it was changed to follow the judgment and beheading. There is also a theory that the reason why the autumn and winter seasons were chosen to implement it was mainly due to the role of warnings, and the peasants were relatively idle in the autumn and winter seasons, which was also convenient for local officials to mobilize the people.

In addition, it is probably due to the depression of all things in autumn and winter, and it is also the end of the year, which is also suitable for execution, spring symbolizes new life, and everything is growing vigorously in summer, so it is less suitable to take people's lives.

As a result, the execution of criminals who committed the most heinous crimes in the autumn and winter has become a tradition from ancient times to the present, and gradually formed a "autumn formula" system in the legal text: conviction in the spring and beheading in the autumn.

Because in ancient times, all obeyed the natural laws of life, the ancients believed that all things in spring were revived, and the season at the beginning of life was not friendly to kill, and summer was the most energetic time of life, and in autumn natural creatures entered the blink period, so all things were killed, so they were generally executed after autumn.

1 In ancient times, it was mainly agriculture, and the harvest was finished after the autumn, and it entered the agricultural slack, at this time, the centralized treatment can gather the crowd **, play a deterrent role, and there is a killing atmosphere in the autumn and winter, and then it may be because the weather is cold at this time, it is easy to dispose of the corpse, and it is not easy to cause the spread of the plague.

2 The death reprieve, which is like a reprieve, is actually intended to give these prisoners a buffer time. And to make it clear about "execution after autumn", we must first understand the word "autumn trial" that accompanies it. The prototype of the autumn trial system began to appear in the third year of Tianshun in the Ming Dynasty, and it was not until the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty that it became a norm and became a law written in the "Great Qing Statutes".

If there are always objections to the autumn trial for three consecutive years, the death penalty can be exempted and the sentence commuted, which is similar to a means of changing the death penalty with a suspended death sentence to an indefinite period and an indefinite sentence to a fixed period.

Because autumn and winter are the seasons when trees wither, everything loses its vitality, symbolizing slaughter. The execution of prisoners after the autumn was a manifestation of the ancients' obedience to the will of heaven.

After the autumn, after the harvest, everyone has time to watch the killing, which plays a deterrent role.

In addition, there is a time buffer for executions to prevent unjust, false and wrongful convictions.

After the beginning of autumn.

Wei Shu Guangling Wang Yu Biography": "From now on, stay until the autumn." Tang Dufu's poem "Early Autumn Bitter Heat Pile Case Remains":

I often worry that there are scorpions at night, and there are many flies after autumn. One of the poems of Tang Pi Rixiu's "Huailumen County Name Clutch": "The mountain is thinner and more pei after autumn, and the river is idle and comes to fish at night."

Tang Luoyin's poem "Sending Xu Ji Jinshi": "The frost pressure Chu Lian folds after autumn, and the rain urges the barbarian to drink late at night." ”

2.Refers to after the autumn harvest.

Wang Anyou, "Collaboration": "Don't say anything now, wait for the autumn to see the output." ”

Meaning: Crops in the north are only cultivated once a year, so there is economic income after the crops are harvested in autumn. And the expenses owed during the year can be settled after the fall. At present, in some rural areas in the north, farmers often buy daily necessities in some small distribution stores, and sometimes settle accounts together after the autumn harvest, which is called settling accounts after autumn.

The term "Autumn Queen" should have originated in the Tang Dynasty. The Legend of the Water Margin Heroes mentions the word "Autumn Queen". It should be the earliest to appear the term "Autumn Queen".

But the time of the past generations is not necessarily after the autumn. It was not until the Ming and Qing dynasties that it was fixed after the autumn. After Jiaqing, it was changed to follow the sentence and beheading.

The origin of this is related to the work of farmers. Spring. Xia Yun.

Autumn harvest. Winter storage. The four seasons are differentiated.

In ancient times, condemned prisoners were sentenced to death and were usually required to be put to death. It will also be announced in advance. Why choose the autumn and winter seasons?

The main consideration is the role of warning. Farmers are more idle in autumn and winter. It is also convenient for magistrates to mobilize the people**.

There was a coercive populace at that time. Executions are usually carried out between September and October. So there will be the word "Autumn Queen".

Autumn has an air of slaughter, so the death penalty is more often carried out than in autumn. In addition, it is probably because of the depression in winter, which is also the end of the year, and it is also suitable for execution, spring symbolizes new life, and everything is growing vigorously in summer, so it is less suitable to take human life.