How to understand that treating labor as a commodity is either a violation of the law of value or a

In the exchange between the worker and the capitalist, what the worker sells is not his labor, and what the capitalist pays is not the value or ** of his labor. Labor is not a commodity, has no value, and has no **. 1. Any commodity must have an independent existence before it is sold.

However, labor cannot exist on its own. 2. Labor is the entity that forms value and the internal measure of value, but it has no value in itself. 3. If labor is a commodity, it will deny the law of value.

Or the denial of the law of surplus value. 4. Labor begins only after the worker has been employed, when it belongs to the capitalist and not to the worker, and the worker cannot sell what does not belong to him. In fact, it is not labor but labor that workers sell in the market.

Labor is the ability to work that is latent in the human body. Labor is the use of labor power, and labor is labor when it exerts its total use in the body. The existence of labor force is conditional on the survival of healthy people, and the realization of labor must be based on the means of production.

Conditional on the combination of labor. Labor and labor cannot be confused. Labor is not a commodity, but labor can become a commodity under certain historical conditions, and it has value and use value.

Therefore, the capitalist wage is not essentially the value or ** of labor, but the value or ** of labor power. Capitalist wages are the transformed form of labor value, or **.

Assuming that labor is a commodity, and that the capitalists directly exchange money with living labor as a commodity, there are only two situations that can occur in order to obtain surplus value: one is to practice unequal exchange, which violates the requirements of the law of value, and the other is to practice equivalent exchange, which cannot obtain surplus value, thus negating the existence of the law of surplus value.

Answer: The value of the correct commodity of labor is determined by the socially necessary labor time for the production and reproduction of the commodity of labor. The buying and selling of labor power means that the owner of labor sells the use value of labor power and obtains the value of labor power, and the principle of equivalent exchange must also be observed.

Erroneous surplus value is the part of the value that exceeds the value of labor power created by wage workers and appropriated by capitalists without compensation, it is the condensation of surplus labor of wage workers, and embodies the relationship between exploitation and exploitation between capitalists and wage workers. The surplus labour of wage workers is the only source of this surplus value.

(1) The amount of value of the commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time.

Decisions, which are not directly related to individual working hours. (2 points).

2) If commodity producers increase individual labor productivity, they can reduce individual labor hours, make individual labor hours lower than socially necessary labor hours, provide price reduction space for their products, and have more advantages in the competition and even survival competition. Therefore, individual labor hours are meaningful to commodity producers. (2 points).

3) If commodity producers compete to increase individual labor productivity and reduce individual labor hours, the social labor productivity of the sector can be increased, the socially necessary labor time can be shortened, the unit value of the commodity will be reduced, and the additional income of individual producers will disappear. Therefore, commodity producers should further increase their labor productivity, thereby promoting the improvement of social labor productivity, and thus promoting the development of social productive forces and social progress. Therefore, individual working hours are also of great significance to the development of the productive forces of the whole society.

3 marks) 4) Therefore, it is wrong to think that "individual labor hours are meaningless". (1 point).

That is, to demonstrate the correct points, analyze the wrong points, clarify the ambiguous points, and supplement the residual shortcomings. In this question, the amount of value of a commodity is determined by socially necessary labor time, and is not directly related to individual labor time. It then analyzes the significance of individual labor hours for commodity producers from small to large.

The significance of individual working hours for the development of the productive forces of society as a whole.

Comments: Problem solving ideas: The basic principle is "three steps", that is, one "identification", two "analysis", and three "knots".

1. "Discernment". "Discernment" means to carefully examine the question, clarify the question type and "distinguishing point", and distinguish right from wrong. Make a simple, clear, and accurate judgment of "discernment" and briefly explain the reasons, rather than just making a simple distinction between right and wrong.

2. "Analysis". The analysis should be comprehensive, accurate, closely related to the topic, and logical, and it is imperative not to divorce theory from reality. judging and analysing arguments that are completely correct or completely false; For the identification of both reasonable and unreasonable elements, or established under certain conditions, or incomplete expressions, the reasonable elements are pointed out and analyzed, evaluated, and the unreasonable elements are pointed out and analyzed, supplemented, and evaluated.

Three "knots". Conclusions are made on the basis of discernment and analysis, and the conclusions should be logical and qualitative of the proposed solutions or statements in question.

Necessary labor refers to the labor necessary for workers to maintain and reproduce their labor force. Surplus labor corresponds to necessary labor, and refers to the labor performed by the laborer beyond the scope of necessary labor, that is, the labor consumed to produce surplus products.

The value of commodities is the abstract labor force materialized by commodities, the amount of value is determined by the amount of materialized labor, and the socially necessary labor time only determines the exchange value of commodities.

This view is incorrect.

It is true that the amount of value of a commodity is determined by socially necessary labor hours. Changes in individual working hours do not determine the amount of value of a commodity.

However, the change of individual working hours is still of great significance.

First, individual labor hours have an important impact on individual commodity producers. Since the amount of value of a commodity is determined by socially necessary labor time, the rate of profit of the producer of that commodity is equal to the average rate of social profit when individual labor time is equal to socially necessary labor time. When the individual labor time is greater than the socially necessary labor time, the profit rate of the commodity producer is lower than the social average profit rate.

When the individual labor time is less than the socially necessary labor time, the profit rate of the commodity producer is higher than the social average profit rate. It can be seen that the change in individual working hours is meaningful for commodity producers. In particular, the producer of that commodity is profitable when the individual labor time is less than the socially necessary labor time.

Second, changes in individual working hours are also meaningful to society. The smaller the individual working time, the more social wealth will be created in a certain period of time, and the more conducive it will be to promoting the development of production and the improvement of people's living standards.

Finally, when a large number of individual working hours are reduced, socially necessary working hours are also reduced, and the labor productivity of society as a whole increases. At this time, the value of commodities will decrease, the cost of production and living of the whole society will also decrease, and people's living standards will also increase.

This view is unscientific.

1) The amount of value of a commodity is made up of socially necessary labor.

The decision is correct.

2) It is wrong to say that individual labor hours are meaningless.

First of all, for producers: individual labor hours are directly related to the position of commodity producers in market competition. When individual working hours are lower than socially necessary working hours, commodity producers are in an advantageous position in the competition; On the contrary, they are at a disadvantage.

Second, as far as society is concerned, the smaller the individual labor time, the more social wealth created in a certain period of time, the more conducive it is to promoting the development of production and the improvement of people's living standards.