How to evaluate the mutual insurance in the southeast, whether to ignore the country, or to save the

Southeast mutual insurance refers to the incident in which the southern provinces of China violated the orders of the **** and refused to go to war with foreign countries during the battle of the Eight-Nation Alliance in the last years of the Qing Dynasty in China.

In June 1900, British and American imperialism and the governors of the southern provinces of the Qing Dynasty reached an agreement on "mutual protection in the southeast". After the rise of the Boxer Rebellion, Britain was deeply afraid of affecting the Yangtze River valley under its sphere of influence, so they instigated Liu Kun, the governor of Liangjiang.

1. Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Huguang, and others cooperated with the foreign powers, and through the planning of the comprador bureaucrat Sheng Xuanhuai, and Yu Lianyuan, the governor of Shanghai, came forward to negotiate with the consuls of various countries in Shanghai on the "Treaty for the Protection of the Southeast" and the "Regulations for the Protection of the Inside and Outside of Shanghai", stipulating that the Shanghai concession should be under the joint protection of all countries, and the Yangtze River and the interior of Suzhou and Hangzhou would be under the protection of the governors of the provinces. After the Qing Dynasty declared war on the Eleven Kingdoms, Liu Kun.

1. Zhang Zhidong and Li Hongzhang, Xu Ying, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, Kui Jun, the governor of Sichuan, and Yuan Shikai, the governor of Shandong, reached an agreement with the participating countries, saying that the southeast would protect each other. They called the imperial edict a "pretentious and chaotic order" under the coercion of the Boxers, and disobeyed orders in the southeastern provinces to support the Boxers.

The Southeast Mutual Protection Movement protected the areas outside Hebei and Shandong from the impact of the Boxer Rebellion and the Eight-Nation Alliance. At the same time, it also further expanded the political and military power of the local government, and the authority of ** was greatly reduced. Later, in 1911, the provinces of the Xinhai Revolution declared their independence after the Wuchang Uprising, which was closely related to the rise of local forces and the decline of power.

Southeastern mutual insurance is the southern provinces to protect China's greatest interests, in the historical environment made a wise choice, the southern provinces ** "protect China does not protect the Qing Dynasty" and the Manchu court "protect the Qing Dynasty does not protect China" constitute a sharp contrast, this is a Chinese progressive forces to the Manchu Qing Dynasty decadent rule subversion, the development of modern China has great significance: 1, to ensure the stability of most of China, effectively maintain the economic development achievements of the south, for China's modern development has laid a valuable economic foundation; 2. It ensured that the progressive ideas of learning from the West in the southern region at that time germinated, rather than regressing to the dark state of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, which closed itself off from the country and blindly excluded foreigners, and the governors of the southern provinces were the largest sponsors of foreign students, which prepared a talent base for China's modernization and progress and the subsequent national revolution. All in all, it ensured that China's modern progress and development were not completely buried by the Manchu Qing Dynasty.

Therefore, I would like to say that the Southeastern Mutual Protection is actually a patriotic non-resistance, and its progressive significance should be affirmed by every one of us who loves China, and of course it will inevitably be stubbornly slandered by those who "protect the Great Qing Dynasty."

To prevent the anti-imperialist Boxer Rebellion from developing to the south and to prevent the people of the south from waging anti-imperialist struggles, anti-imperialist struggles broke out in various parts of the south despite the signing of the "mutual protection" treaty.

Southeast Mutual Protection was Liu Kun during the Boxer Rebellion and the Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China.

1. Historical events in modern Chinese history planned by Zhang Zhidong and other southeastern governors.

The Southeastern Mutual Protection was the product of preventing the southward expansion of the Boxer Rebellion and restraining the people's resistance to the first game, the product of both compromise and contradiction between the southeastern governors and imperialism, and the products of the centripetal and centrifugal forces of the southeastern governors and the Qing court.

Even if the areas outside Hebei and Shandong were exempted from the spread of the Boxer Rebellion and the Eight-Nation Alliance; At the same time, it also further expanded the political and military power of the local government, and greatly reduced the power of **. And after the Xinhai Revolution, the provinces declared independence one after another after the Wuchang Uprising, the rise of local forces, and the decline of power.

The "southeast mutual guarantee" in the south is still a sober move. When the Boxer was in trouble in the north and the Empress Dowager Cixi repeatedly made stupid moves, nearly half of the local officials publicly accused the imperial court of "fallacy" and resolutely stated that they would not implement it, which was a manifestation of the scholars' concern for the country, but this led to the collapse of the Qing court.

When the Boxers fought against the Eight-Nation Coalition in Tianjin and Beijing, the British decided to use the local authorities to protect their aggressive interests in China in order to prevent the masses from rising up to respond to the anti-imperialist struggle of the Boxers in the north and to eliminate the possibility of other imperialists taking advantage of the possibility of expanding their forces in the Yangtze River valley. Liu Kun, Governor of Liangjiang.

1. Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Huguang, agreed to the plan of the British Acting Consul General in Shanghai Huo Bilan after several e-commerce. Sheng Xuanhuai, the superintendent of the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, tried his best to persuade Liu Kun.

1. Zhang Zhidong hastened to sign contracts with the consuls of various countries in Shanghai instead of with Britain alone to establish the so-called Southeast Mutual Insurance. After the Qing ** declared war edict was published, they refused to carry out the orders of the imperial court on the grounds of "overbearing". Liu Kun.

1. On June 26, Zhang Zhidong, represented by Yu Lianyuan of Shanghai Daotai, invited the consuls of various countries to negotiate the so-called nine articles of the "Southeast Mutual Insurance Regulations". The main contents are: the Shanghai concession is under the joint protection of all countries, and the Yangtze River and the interior of Suzhou and Hangzhou are under the protection of the governors, and the two do not disturb each other, and the industry is mainly to protect the lives of Chinese and foreign businessmen and people.

Liu and Zhang assured the consuls of various countries that no matter what happened in the north after that, they would still do what they had agreed and that it would not be easier, and they refused to give them an order to recruit a group of royal insults. Later, the areas where mutual insurance was implemented were expanded from the original Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, and Hunan to Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, and Shandong. Fujian Province has also reached similar agreements directly with the consuls of various countries in Fuzhou.

Although this charter was not formulated, the situation of "mutual protection" was finally maintained because Liu Kun and other local governors tried their best to suppress the masses' response to the Boxer Rebellion.

In the past, the evaluation of Southeast Mutual Insurance was very low, and it was believed that it was a group of surrenderers who wanted to preserve their strength. In fact, this is not the case at all.

In fact, the southeast mutual insurance is not limited to the southeast, Yuan Shikai also joined in Shandong. In other words, as long as the local governor is a little enlightened, he will join the camp. After all, after so long in the Westernization Movement, there are still a number of relatively rational **.

Although they may not have a good impression of the Western powers, they all know that the Boxers are a rabble, which cannot be used against the great powers at all, and will only become more and more chaotic.

After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the local governors had considerable space to be free from the first check and balance, and with the threading of the business staff and the local gentry and businessmen, this mutual protection was up. Later, the scope of the Southeast Mutual Insurance became larger and larger, and in fact protected most of China.

After Cixi ran to Xi'an, she also affirmed their behavior. In her edict, she not only confessed her mistakes to the foreign powers, but also expressed her gratitude to the local governors who protected each other.

Moreover, the first person that the Eight-Nation Alliance wanted to punish was Cixi, but when they found that the governors of various places still maintained Cixi's status, they removed her from the blacklist.

The Qing Dynasty has lost control over the country, and de facto warlord control has been formed in various places, so there is a saying that the southeast protects each other.

The Han landlord bureaucracy in the ten southeastern provinces had already seized military power and was unwilling to cooperate with the Manchus and resist the emperor's decree to send troops to the king. The Qing Dynasty actually existed in name only. Fall into the Han landlord group.

The achievement of mutual protection in the southeast is of great significance to protect the national power and then maintain the rule of the Qing court, and the southeast region, which is the first in the country, can protect the mountains and shouting reeds, and it will keep half of the Qing court.

The Southeastern Mutual Protection was a product of preventing the southward expansion of the Boxer Rebellion and restraining the people's resistance struggle, a product of both compromise and spear and shield between the southeastern governors and imperialism, and the products of the centripetal and centrifugal forces between the southeastern governors and the Qing court.