In calligraphy and painting, what does the three alum and nine dye mean?

This means that the painting needs to be rendered multiple times to create a rich sense of layering。If the ink color of the painting is all sketches, it is called flat painting, and there is no rich sense of ink, therefore, Chinese painting.

There are very few flat paintings in it. And "three alums."

The painting of "Nine Dye" is indeed the mainstream.

From the perspective of the development of Chinese painting, what exactly is "Three Ming and Nine Dyes". The painting methods of Chinese painting range from sketching and plane painting to the pre-Qin period.

Sketches, layered renderings, basically ink line sketches and color flat paintings. Eastern jin.

It is a work of painting. Both sketches and renderings are mature. If the color is flat, there is no three-dimensionality, only a two-dimensional plan. Throughout the world, early paintings were flat paintings, and early Chinese paintings were no exception.

After the Han Dynasty, the hook and thread drying and dyeing method appeared in painting, generally dyed several times, the color dyeing method appeared a gradation of shades. In this way, the three-dimensional effect gradually becomes fuller. Wei and Jin dynasties.

It was the early years, and the Tang Dynasty reached a relatively perfect stage. For example, Han Gan, a painter in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote "White Light at Night".

This is a representative work with a three-dimensional senseAfter outlining the shadowed part with lines, it appears indifferent. Tang Dynasty and Northern Song Dynasty.

During the period, painting was mainly silk, so the process of drying and dyeing was mainly dyed twice and three times, or even five times or six times after drying.

Of course, during the Tang and Song dynasties, there were also paintings on paper, which replaced paintings on silk. The colors of ancient paintings are no different from today's. However, there is a big difference that the painter should make the color himself, including grinding the color, adding glue and alum color.

The pigments of ancient Chinese paintings are mainly minerals, such as cinnabar, cyan, pearlescent, and turquoise.

These pigments are stones, which need to be ground into fine powder, and then added to deer glue and Ji powder for use.

It should be that there are too many kinds of fuel needed in a painting, so there are three gongs and nine dyes.

It is a technical means, the control ratio, and three and nine are both meaningful.

It is a very demanding requirement for paintings, from the selection of paper to the completion of paintings.

It is to require a relatively high quality of painting, and it must be constantly revised to perfection.

It is the basic technique in the production process of ancient Chinese paintings, so as to express the charm of Chinese painting.

The ancients respected calligraphy and painting very much, and the three alum and nine dyes illustrated the importance that the ancients attached to art.

The ancients had very high requirements for painting, and each painting had to be checked repeatedly to achieve perfection.

It shows that people's decorative beauty and aesthetic requirements for calligraphy and painting are very strict.

To complete a painting, you must be serious and revise it repeatedly until it is perfect.

The substance referred to in the alum and nine dyes is (alum).

Physicochemical properties of alum:

Physical. Appearance and properties: colorless transparent lumpy crystals or crystalline powders.

Smell & Taste: Odorless, slightly sweet and sour.

Solubility: soluble in water, slowly soluble in glycerol, insoluble in ethanol, acetone.

Melting point ( ) 92 (lit)

Boiling point ( ) 330 at 760mmHg

Density: vapor pressure (kpa, 25 C): 1mmHg

Chemical properties. 1.Alum hydrolysis.

Alum is hydrolyzed in water to form a colloidal precipitate of aluminum hydroxide and sulfuric acid, so its aqueous solution is acidic.

2kal(so₄)₂12h₂o⇌2al(oh)3↓+3h2so4+k2so4+18h2o

2.The reaction of alum with sodium hydroxide NaOH is as follows:

kal(so4)2·12h2o+4naoh = kalo2+14h2o+2na2so4

3.The reaction of alum with baking soda solution NaHCO3 is as follows:

2kal(so4)2·12h2o+6nahco3= k2so4+3na2so4+2al(oh)3↓+6co2↑+12h2o

The reaction of the solution with the barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 solution is as follows:

Potassium aluminum sulphate excess: 2kal(SO4)2 + 3BA(OH)2 = 2AL(OH)3 + K2SO4 + 3BASO4

Potassium aluminum sulfate in small amounts: kal(SO4)2 + 2BA(OH)2= kalO2 + 2BASO4 + 2H2O

When the two quantities are equal: 6kal(SO4)2 + 6BA(OH)2 = 4AL(OH)3 +AL2(SO4)3 + 6BASO4 +3K2SO4

5.Alum reacts with sodium carbonate solution as follows:

3na2co3 +2kal(so4)2+ 3h2o = 2al(oh)3↓+ 3co2↑+k2so4+3na2so4

6.Alum weathering: weathering in dry air to lose crystal water, dissolving water in humid air, heating until losing 9 crystal water, 200 times lose all crystal water to become white powder.

The substance referred to in the alum and nine dyes is (alum).

Potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate, also known as alum, bond liter is a double salt of potassium sulfate and aluminum sulfate containing crystal water. Soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol. Alum has a sour and astringent taste, antibacterial effect, astringent effect, etc., can be used as traditional Chinese medicine, and can also be used to prepare aluminum salt, baking powder, paint, tanning, clarifier, mordant, papermaking, waterproofing agent, etc., and is often used for water purification in our lives.

Alum crystals are colorless or white octahedral crystals that are easily soluble in water, and their crystal structure belongs to heteropolar trigonal crystal systems. Its aqueous solution is acidic and can be used as an astringent, and neutral alum can be obtained by adding sodium carbonate. When the alum is heated, it will first dissolve in the crystalline water contained in it, and then lose its moisture when it is heated to form an anhydrous aluminum potassium sulfate white powder, which is called burnt alum or alum.

Characteristics of alum

Alum can also be used to prepare aluminum salts, baking powders, paints, tanning materials, clarifying agents, mordants, papermaking, waterproofing agents, etc. At 20 degrees, 1 standard draft orange old atmospheric pressure, the solubility of alum in water is about, alum water purification is a method often used by the folk in the past, its principle is that alum can ionize two metal ions in water.

The foam fire extinguisher contains about 1mol l of alum solution and about 1mol of baking soda solution, and the volume ratio of the two solutions is about 11:2. The purpose of excessive alum is to make the baking soda in the fire extinguisher fully react and release a sufficient amount of carbon dioxide to achieve the purpose of extinguishing the fire.

The substance referred to by the "alum" in "Three Alum and Nine Dyeing" is ().

a.Cholelum. b.Alum.

c.Alum. d.Copperas.

Correct Answer: a

Gongbi heavy color to accurately express the image structure of the object, to achieve a bright, beautiful, heavy artistic effect, must be obtained from repeated rendering, over and over the accumulation of swirls, the ancient name of "three alum nine dye". After the paper silk is dyed several times, the bottom of the paper is touched, and the re-dyeing is easy to be turbid and uneven. Apply lightly with thin gum alum water to fix the bottom, and then dye it after drying, so that it can still keep it fresh.

Once for each several dye alum stains. Can be dyed repeatedly.

Eight or nine times. This method should be "light color is wonderful, those who deepen it are gradual, and those who are thick are layered with thin".