About the working principle of hardware, the basic composition and working principle of hardware sys

Hehe, I love it when someone asks me a question.

Your question can be so deep and broad that you really don't know where to start. It's not an exaggeration to say that you can write a book. In short, the information entered into the device must eventually be obtained by the computer in the form of a binary data stream and then stored in the storage device (registers, memory, hard disk, etc.).

As for the CPU, it will only do operations like "addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division" (addition to be exact) and relational operations like "and or not" (of course, the CPU also has a control part, which can make ** automatic - great idea!!). The magic thing, however, is that any problem can be solved by breaking it down into these two operations. After obtaining the result, it can be output in the form of a binary data stream (the subsequent encoding and conversion are just adaptation measures taken to adapt to the needs of external devices, which belong to the details).

Hardware refers to the physical devices that make up a computer, which can be seen and touched, and is a tangible object. The structure of the computer hardware system used today has always been the American mathematician von Loymann, which is composed of five functional components: combinator, controller, memory, input and output devices.

1. Combinator.

Also known as arithmetic logic components, it is a component used by computers to perform data operations (data operations are composed of arithmetic operations and logical operations).

2. Controller.

It is the command center of the computer, controlling the coordinated work of the computer in an orderly manner.

Generally, the combinator and controller are made on an integrated circuit chip, which is called a ** processor (referred to as CPU). CPU is the core and key of a computer hardware system, and the CPU can determine the performance of a computer.

3. Memory Memory can be divided into two categories, internal memory and external memory.

Internal memory, referred to as memory (main memory), is a hardware device that stores data inside the computer, is the basic element of program and data storage, and is the storage space that the CPU can directly address according to the address line. Memory is characterized by fast access speeds.

External memory, also known as auxiliary memory, is an auxiliary storage device, which is mainly used to store programs or data that are not used temporarily and need to be stored for a long time. External memory is actually an input and output device.

4. Input device.

Input device hardware used to input programs or data. Such as keyboards, mice, cameras, microphones, etc.

5. Output device.

Hardware used to output the results of computer processing, such as monitors, speakers, printers, etc. 、

Books: Computer Repair & Assembly.

The computer workflow is basically a process of input-operation-output, the input and output devices need random memory, the memory can be erased and reused, and the operation process needs to store the read-only memory of the pre-stored program, which can only be read and cannot be modified. Regardless of read-only memory or random memory, the principle is almost the same, the common original that can store information is capacitor, which is equivalent to a storage signal when charging, and an output signal when discharging, combined with a diode or transistor, you can realize the physical logic of the circuit, select, pass or terminate the operation of the signal, with a certain value of high voltage to represent 1, with a certain value of low voltage to represent 0, that is, the most basic unit in binary data. The operation process is also a process of mathematical logic selection, judgment, and termination, but the operation of each step of this process is preset in advance, such as adding two numbers, adding a digit first, and calculating in turn to the higher position, and each operation has each kind of rules and order.

But no matter what kind of operation, it will eventually be broken down into the simplest and non-logical calculations. When we input a decimal data through the keyboard, first of all, this data will be converted into binary data through the pre-stored transcoding process, as for the English alphabet and Chinese characters, these are all encoding rules with regulations, detailed inventory of ASC code, binary data such as 0101100111000011010....It is impossible to calculate such a long amount of data at the same time, so the computer will store a special program inside, and now this part of the data is divided according to a positioning number, the data that is cut is sorted, and then distributed to the physical location of different random access memory at the same time, they can be operated separately at the same time, this is called distributed operation, and finally after such an addition program, many groups of binary results are output, and these binary results are rearranged according to the order of truncation. Finally, the decoding program converts binary to 10 decimal, hexadecimal and other data encoding formats are output, and the display converts the electrical signal into an optical signal and outputs it to the display screen.

It should be emphasized that not all calculation results will be output to the display screen, and the intermediate operation programs are also very different, and complex operations may have to go through a large number of cyclic operations to obtain intermediate results, and the intermediate results will continue to be calculated as input data for the next operation.

All of this can be done before on the premise that 1The data is binary (this is determined by combining the characteristics of existing electronic components), 2The arithmetic instructions must be performed in order, 3

It is necessary to have an intermediate storage device, because many operations are not completed in one step, and the storage device needs to temporarily store the intermediate results.

What I'm talking about is relatively simple, the working principle of real computer hardware is very complex, and it is not something that anyone can explain to you in one or two sentences, involving physics, mathematics and many other disciplines of cutting-edge technical knowledge. It is recommended that you start by understanding the physical properties of semiconductor components.

First of all, we must know what hardware the computer consists of, and the working principle of the computer such as motherboard, memory, CPU, and storage is roughly like this, taking a boot as an example.

When you boot up, the CPU first self-tests through the motherboard BIOS, and most of the self-tests are to detect whether the hardware necessary for the system exists, and the older generation of BIOS is more harsh in the absence of a hard disk or keyboard, which is forbidden to boot.

When the self-test is passed, the CPU will load the files to be started by the operating system into memory through the boot file of the main partition of the main hard disk (if a computer has more than one boot disk to choose from).

Then run these files and then the system boots up. The same is true for computer running programs, for example, if the system wants to start QQ, the CPU must first load the necessary files required for QQ to start into the system memory, and then run, and then QQ will start.