Organic chemistry, our teacher talked about 1124, which is in alcohol

This is the number of isomerism corresponding to the alkyl group, 11248, which corresponds to the isomerization of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and amyl groups, so if it is methanol, then it is split into methyl + hydroxyl group, then there is only one; If it is ethanol, then it is split into ethyl + hydroxyl group, and there is only one; If it is propanol, then it is split into propyl + hydroxyl group, then there will be two kinds, because the propyl group has n-propyl-CH2CH2CH3, and isopropyl-CH(CH3)2;In the same way, butanol can be disassembled into butyl + hydroxyl group, then there will be four kinds, which should be four isomers of butyl - ch2ch2ch2ch3; —ch(ch3)ch2ch3；—ch2ch(ch3)2；—c(ch3)3

There are many applications of this method, such as learning about isomerism such as aldehydes, acids, halogenated hydrocarbons, etc., and the methods are all similar, but it is still necessary to pay attention to flexible mastery.

Methanol A: CH3-OH

Ethanol A: CH3CH2-OH

Two kinds of propanol: CH3CH2CH2-OH; (ch3)2ch-oh.

four kinds of butanol: ch3ch2ch2ch2-oh; (ch3);(ch3)3ch-oh.

a is a phenyl halogen atom.

b is an ethylene halogen atom in the form of: c=c-cl

C is an allyl halogen atom, such as: C = C - C-CLD is an isolated halogenated olefin halogen atom, such as: C = C - (C) n -C-Cl According to the activity of the halogen atom, the halogen atom of a chlorobenzene does not react with silver nitrate, and the reaction activity order of the halogen atom in the halogenated olefin is:

Allyl type halogen atom "Isolated halogenated olefin halogen atom" ethylene type halogen atom. So the first to be replaced is the halogen atom of option c.

I'm going, is this really high school chemistry? You's**?

Because it is not easy to draw, the description is as follows:

Question 1: Phenol is chloromethylated, that is, it reacts with formaldehyde + HCl to obtain salicylaldehyde. It is then condensed with acetic anhydride under acidic conditions to obtain coumarin

Question 2: Ethanol is substituted with Hx to obtain ethyl halide. Acetylene is treated with format reagent or potassium tert-butanol and reacted with ethane halide to obtain 1-butyne.

It is then used with HBR to initiate the anti-Martensian product of 1-bromo-1-butene. React with mg to obtain the format reagent. Cyclopentanol is oxidized with DCC to obtain cyclopentanone, and the product is obtained by reacting with the Grignard reagent mentioned above.

Question 3: A positive ion with two cyclopropyl groups is more stable because the cyclopropyl group has a stronger electron-donor effect than a methyl group.

Question 4: Both are more or less the same, because the electrons on n are conjugated to the aromatic ring. However, quinoline has two aromatic rings, and the degree of conjugation is greater, and its alkalinity will be slightly less than that of pyridine.

Question 5: If you don't understand the Haworthian structure, it's hard to assert. But the d l configuration was defined by early people in terms of the positive and negative of the optical rotation. It does not indicate an absolute configuration. Now the r,s conformation is used.

I think it's better if you go to the chemistry contest sticker.

1.The -h of carboxylic acid is active due to the electron-pulling action of the carbonyl group in the carboxyl group, which is weakened by the shielding and is easier to receive the attack of nucleophiles and bases.

2.The formation of conjugation? Your question is not quite accurate, the conjugated system can be said to be formed, the conjugation effect is an effect, there is no such statement, the conjugation has +c and -c, which are electrons donating and pulling electrons, respectively, and the conjugated system is formed as long as the conjugation system is coplanar or approximately coplanar, and the electrons can be delocalized and interact.

Zn(Hg)+concentrated HCl is used, which can be used for carbonyl reduction, but there can be no acid-sensitive groups in the structure, and there can be no high oxidation groups such as nitro, -NO2---NH2, Huangminglong reduction is suitable for alkaline environment, and the two complement each other.

4.The more positive the electrophilic group is, such as carbonyl c; The smaller the group, the less tension is caused by the 3-coordination change to 4-coordination (e.g., electrophilic substitution of benzene) or SN2 in the reaction. The above two are the factors that determine electrophilicity.

Detachability is another nature. Generally, it is not said that electrophilicity is said to be nucleophilic, and the reaction object of electrophile is nucleophile, which is generally more nucleophilic. It is also related to the number of cycles.

5.The adsorption and pulling electrons are relative, and the relative electrical properties of each group to c must be remembered, which is equivalent to common sense, and there are laws that are often used.

The overall electronegativity of the 1 carboxyl group is inclined to O, forming a strong suction force on the H electron pair, and easily falling off to form the H+2 lone electron pair, which is parallel to the extension direction.

3. Only ketones can be reduced, and the position of esters cannot be used.

4 Look at the electronegativity of the atoms that are directly related (personal experience, as in the case of the carbon with O and Cl attached, and the two look at O and Cl for comparison).

5. Understand the principle of effect and combine it with memory.

1.Carboxylic acid belongs to the electron-withdrawing group, due to the strong electron-pulling ability of the induction effect, the carbon is easy to lose protons, and after losing protons, the negative charge is easy to be stabilized by the electron-pulling effect of the carboxyl group, so the activity is strong.

2.The conjugation effect is formed: one group has unbonded lone pairs, and the other group has empty orbitals to accommodate the pair of lone pairs;

3.OK. 4.The electrophilicity of electrophiles mainly depends on the strength of their ability to accept electrons, and the higher the polarizability of polar molecules, the stronger (HCl>H2O); Non-polar molecules: Generally, the greater the electronegativity of the atom, the stronger the electrophilicity (Cl2>i2).

5.Memories can be understood. Electron-donating groups: methoxy, amino, methyl, can donate electrons through conjugation or induction;

Electron withdrawing groups: nitro, carboxyl, trifluoromethyl, the first two by conjugation to absorb electrons, the latter to induce the effect of electrons.

It seems that B is chosen

Only B can be oxidized to methyl ketones.

2.Polyols contain more hydroxyl groups than alcohols of the same relative molecular mass, and the more hydroxyl groups, the better the water solubility of the substance.

4.Primary alcohols, secondary alcohols, and tertiary alcohols contain more and more hydrocarbon groups, which increases the density of electron clouds on hydroxyl oxygen atoms and enhances the attraction to hydrogen atoms, so the reaction rates of primary alcohols, secondary alcohols, tertiary alcohols and Na decrease sequentially.