What methods did Cai Lun use to improve papermaking

Guan Cailun's paper is the origin of papermaking, in the past, the historian Fan Ye in the "Later Han Shu Cai Lun Biography" said, that the paper was invented by the eunuch Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty in the first year of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Yuanxing (105 AD). In fact, it has been recorded in ancient books, in Cai Lun'Invention'Paper has been used before it. "Later Han Shu Jia Kui Biography"It is mentioned that in the first year of the founding of the first year (76 AD), Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty ordered Jia Kui to select 2,000 Tai students with excellent grades and give them prizes"Simple, paper, and sutra are each passed"。

This shows that books were copied on paper at that time, which was nearly 30 years earlier than Cai Lun's papermaking. "Dongguan Hanji"Only in the memory"Cai Lundian is still a piece of paper" "Dongguan Hanji"The authors of Liu Zhen, Yan Du and others are all contemporaries of Cai Lun, and if Cai Lun invented paper, they would not have failed to record it. Since the 20th century, due to the discovery of ancient paper in the Western Han Dynasty, Cai Lun's claim that he invented paper began to waver, and then was denied.

Although Cai Lun is not the inventor of paper, he is still an innovator and promoter of papermaking technology.

Cai Lun conscientiously summed up the experience of his predecessors, he believes that expanding the quality of papermaking raw materials, improving papermaking technology, and improving paper quality can make paper acceptable to everyone. Cai Lun first used bark to make paper, which is a much richer raw material than hemp, which can greatly increase the output of paper. The lignin, pectin and protein contained in the bark are much higher than those of hemp, so the degumming and pulping of the bark are more difficult than those of hemp.

This prompted Cai Lun to improve the technology of papermaking. In the Western Han Dynasty, lime water was used for pulping, and in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was changed to grass and wood ash water for pulping, and the grass and wood gray water has greater alkalinity, which is conducive to improving the quality of pulp. In the first year of Yuanxing (105 AD), Cai Lun presented a batch of high-quality paper he had made in Shangfang to Emperor Liu Zhao of the Han Dynasty, who praised his talent and immediately ordered the world to adopt it.

In this way, Cai Lun's papermaking method soon spread all over the country.

The flow chart of the papermaking process of the Han Dynasty vividly reproduces the papermaking technology of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, where raw materials such as hemp and rags are soaked in water, chopped, washed, steamed, rinsed, pounded, and mixed with water to form a suspended slurry, and the pulp is fished out and dried to become paper.

Historical records: Emperor He of the Han Dynasty once visited the Gui family, and it is possible that he visited the papermaking workshop and the paper village here (now divided into the former paper village and the later paper village, located in Luoyang Han and Wei Ancient City about 2000 meters east, facing the Luo River) is likely to be the location of the Han Dynasty papermaking workshop. These two places have a superior geographical environment for papermaking needs nearby, and there are relatively rich papermaking resources (such as hemp, lining, etc.).

After Cai Lun donated paper, papermaking technology and paper were widely spread. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zuo Bo, a native of Donglai, was also an expert in papermaking. The paper he made is whiter and more delicate than Caihou paper.

In Zhao Qi's "Sanfu Decision", Zuo Bo's paper, Zhang Yi's pen, and Wei Dan's ink are mentioned, saying that they are all precious writing tools. The juxtaposition of pen, ink and paper indicates that paper was already a commonly used writing material at that time. Paper has become a strong competitor for bamboo slips, wooden slips, and silk, and it has arrived.

In the third and fourth centuries, it basically replaced simple silk as the only writing material, which strongly promoted the development of science and culture.

Cai Lun summed up the experience of artificial paper in the past, he led the craftsmen to use raw materials such as bark, hemp rags and broken fishing nets, cut or cut them, impregnate them in water, and then mash them into a slurry, which was steamed and cooked, and then spread into thin slices on mats, dried in the sun, and then turned into paper.

Cai Lun invented papermaking, what is the significance of his invention? Papermaking is a very important chemical process. It makes papermaking materials easy to obtain, low cost, and easy to carry, promotes cultural exchanges and dissemination, is a major achievement in Chinese history, and has had an important and far-reaching impact on Chinese history.

Papermaking is one of the four great inventions of China. It is a great contribution of the Chinese nation to world civilization and an outstanding invention in the history of human civilization. The invention and improvement of papermaking was a great revolution in writing materials, which promoted the cultural development of China, Arabia, Europe and even the world.

<> paper is one of the four great inventions of China and an outstanding invention in the history of human civilization. China is the first country in the world to raise silkworms and weave silk. The ancients spun silk from the cocoons above, while the rest of the bad and sick cocoons were bleached with silk threads.

After bleaching, some flocculent residue will remain on the bamboo mat. When the number of floating flocs is large, the remaining flocs on the bamboo mat will accumulate into a layer of fiber sheets, which can be peeled off after drying and used for writing. The number of by-products of this bleached floc is small.

This suggests that the origin of Chinese papermaking is related to silk floc. Cai Lun invented papermaking in the first year of Yuanxing in the Eastern Han Dynasty (105). He used plant raw materials such as bark, hemp, open cloth, and fishing nets to make paper through processes such as pulping, tamping, copying, and baking, which is the origin of modern paper.

Since the invention of papermaking, paper has entered social and cultural life with a new attitude, gradually spreading in China and then to all parts of the world.

With words, the most important thing is to have a good carrier. The ancient Egyptians used the papyrus of the Nile to record history; In ancient Europe, people used animal skins such as sheepskins to write for a long time; In China, before the invention of papermaking, oracle bone inscriptions, bamboo slips, and silk were used for writing and recording in ancient times. However, the oracle bone inscriptions and bamboo slips are comparatively heavier.

One day, Qin Shi Huang had to take a whole car to read the monument; Although silk is light, it is expensive and not suitable for writing. In the Han Dynasty, due to the rapid economic and cultural development of the Western Han Dynasty, oracle bone inscriptions and bamboo slips could no longer meet the needs of development, which promoted the improvement of writing tools - the invention of paper. Papermaking is an important chemical process.

The invention of paper is a very valuable contribution made by China in the dissemination and development of human culture. This is a major achievement in Chinese history, and it has also had an important impact on Chinese history.

1. Chop the bamboo and float the pond: cut the bamboo and soak it in the pond to make the fiber fully absorb water. It can be mashed with plant materials such as bark, hemp heads, and old fishing nets.

2. Boil the scraps: boil the scraps to disperse the fibers until they are boiled into pulp. As you can see in the picture, the crumbs in the cauldron are pressed with a boulder to help to cook completely.

3. Swing the material into the curtain: wait for the pulp to cool, and then use the flat bamboo curtain to scoop up the pulp, filter the water, and become a paper film. This step requires skillful skills in order to remove the paper film with moderate thickness and uniform distribution.

4. Cover the curtain and press the paper: fold the paper film one by one, press it with a wooden board, put a heavy stone on it, and press the water out. Transparent drying: Paste the semi-dry paper film on the edge of the stove to dry, and remove it to be the finished product.

Cai Lun is the inventor of papermaking in my country:

Cai Lun and his craftsmen summarized and improved on the basis of their predecessors' bleaching and manufacturing prototype paper, and transferred the production of paper to the stage of an independent industry in terms of raw materials and processes for writing.

It is true that "Cai Lun paper" will not be made by Cai Lun, but without his "creative intention", Shangfang craftsmen alone would not be able to make this kind of plant fiber paper. Therefore, even today when the prototype paper is unearthed, it is still correct to regard Cai Lun as the inventor or representative of China's papermaking technology, and there is a sufficient historical basis.

In addition, the record of Cai Lun's papermaking in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty is mainly taken from Liu Zhen's Dongguan Hanji. Liu Zhen and Cai Lun are contemporaries and should be credible. From the records, it can be known that Caihou paper can not only pay tribute to the emperor, but also replace the silk for writing, and the paper must have reached a certain level.

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