The characteristics of China s foreign relations and the historical facts of China s foreign exchang

1. From openness to seclusion: China's foreign policy in ancient China was generally based on openness, especially before the Ming and Qing dynasties. However, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, it gradually moved towards closing the country.

Reasons for the change: the dominance of the self-sufficient natural economy (fundamental), the influence of foreign invading forces, etc.

2. The route shifted from land to sea: during the Qin and Han dynasties, the main route of foreign exchange was the Silk Road (although there was a maritime Silk Road, it did not occupy a major position); The Tang Dynasty had developed foreign transportation, advancing both by sea and land; During the Song and Yuan dynasties, it was mainly by sea. Reason for change:

The economic center of gravity is gradually shifting southward; The north is at war, and the south is relatively stable; Technological factors, including advances in shipbuilding technology, navigation technology, etc.

3. Foreign culture and cultural exchanges were carried out simultaneously: during the Qin and Han dynasties, ceramics and silk fabrics were introduced to the West, and Buddhism was introduced to China at the same time; During the Tang Dynasty, China's exchanges with Japan, Silla, and India were mainly economic and cultural exchanges; The foreign exchanges of the Song Dynasty were mainly based on overseas **, and at the same time, Chinese science and technology were transmitted; The Ming and Qing dynasties imported a large number of crops from abroad.

4. The form of communication is mainly peaceful: peaceful exchanges: the Silk Road of the Han Dynasty, economic and cultural exchanges; The Tang Dynasty was dominated by economic and cultural exchanges; Song Dynasty Overseas**.

War: Qi Jiguang fought against the Japanese invaders, Zheng Chenggong drove out the Dutch colonists to recover Taiwan, and Emperor Kangxi organized the Battle of Yaksa to resist the invasion of Tsarist Russia.

5. In the later period of feudal society (Ming and Qing dynasties), there was aggression and anti-aggression struggle: Qi Jiguang fought against the Japanese invaders; Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan; Emperor Kangxi organized the Battle of Yaksa against Tsarist Russia.

Above, I hope it will help you.

Traditional foreign relations are at their peak. Zheng He's voyage to the West brought the official Sino-foreign relations in ancient China, which aimed to strengthen friendly exchanges between the two sides and spread the prestige of China, to the highest peak. The emergence of overseas Chinese tide promoted the development of Nanyang.

Since the 16th century, European colonizers have been aggressive against China. In 1553, Portuguese colonists occupied Macau. 1624 Dutch colonists invade Taiwan.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Tsarist Russia invaded the Heilongjiang River Valley. In addition, Japanese merchants, samurai, and pirates also harassed the southeast coast of China. The Chinese people began the struggle against colonialism and aggression

Wei Jiguang purged the Japanese on the southeast coast of Ding; Zheng Chenggong defeated the Dutch colonists. recovered Taiwan; Emperor Kangxi prevented the expansion of Tsarist Russia in the Heilongjiang Valley. China began to introduce and import Western scientific knowledge.

Xu Guangqi translated Western scientific works and introduced European water conservancy methods. The Qing Dynasty implemented a policy of seclusion and banned China and foreign countries, which hindered the normal scientific, technological, ideological and cultural exchanges between China and the West, and was not conducive to China's development. The Western invaders began to engage in the criminal opium ** that opened the doors of China, and at the same time brewed a larger gunboat invasion.

In the legitimate Chinese and foreign countries, China is in a position of overtaking and surplus.

Before the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there were ** exchanges, and after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the country was closed.

1.Convince people with virtue.

2.Those who offend my heavenly power will be punished even if they are far away.

All countries come to the court, the four Yi guests are served, the suppression is used together, and the grace and power are given together.

Qin and Han dynasties. During this period, major contacts were limited to neighboring Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia.

Myanmar and some other countries. It was not until the late Eastern Han Dynasty that there were formal direct contacts with West Asia and Europe. by Zhang Qian.

The opening of the "Silk Road" is the most glorious manifestation of China's diplomatic relations during this period, which is highlighted in the textbook. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, when Ban Chao was envoy to the Western Regions, he sent his deputy envoy Gan Ying to envoy Daqin (Roman Empire, Gan Ying arrived at the western border of rest, and returned to the Persian Gulf due to unknown circumstances. By 166, the Great Qin king Andun sent an envoy to China, which was the beginning of formal exchanges between China and Europe.

The second period of China's foreign exchanges was the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang dynasties, and more importantly, the Sui and Tang dynasties. During this period, China's feudal economy was in a stage of prosperity and rise, and foreign economic and cultural exchanges also developed greatly. Foreign relations during this period had three characteristics:

First, China has gradually formed itself as the economic and cultural center of the East. Economic and cultural exchanges with some neighboring countries are no longer limited to ordinary exchanges, but are also used as centers for cultivating human resources and centers for economic exchanges. Second, during this period, the scope of China's foreign economic and cultural exchanges was greatly expanded, except for East and Southeast Asia.

In addition, Central Asia, West Asia, Europe and even Africa have already had relatively frequent commercial, economic and cultural exchanges. The most notable ones such as Persian and Arab envoys came to China in large numbers. During the Tang Dynasty, there were also a group of Persians who stayed in China and did not return.

Thirdly, both sea and land transportation were developed during this period.

From the beginning of the seventh century to the end of the ninth century for about 264 years, Japan sent more than a dozen missions to the Tang Dynasty in order to learn Chinese culture. The number of times, the scale of the event, the length of time, and the richness of the content can be described as an unprecedented event in the history of Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges. The envoys sent to Tang have made great contributions to promoting the development of Japanese society and promoting friendly exchanges between China and Japan.

Silla ranked first in the Tang Dynasty, and Korea** was also introduced to China. For example, Cui Zhiyuan, a native of Silla, entered the Tang Dynasty at the age of 12 to study, and was admitted to the Jinshi at the age of 18, and wrote a collection of poems "Guiyuan Pen Farming", which has been passed down to this day.

The third period of China's foreign relations was the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties (before the Opium War), and the foreign relations of this period also had three characteristics: first, due to the Northern Song Dynasty.

At the beginning, the development of the commodity economy in the feudal society, the prosperity of the domestic and foreign countries, and the rapid development of foreign shipping, especially maritime transportation, ranked among the best in the world. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, the Chinese fleet was the most active in the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean. Second, during the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, a number of international travelers with experience in foreign economic and cultural aspects appeared in China.

They include Wang Dayuan in the Yuan Dynasty, Zheng He in the Ming Dynasty, and others. At the same time, a large number of merchants from Arabia, Persia and Europe also emerged a number of world-famous travelers, such as Marco Polo, an Italian who came to China during the Yuan Dynasty, and Ibn Battuta, a Moroccan, and so on. Of course, Wang Dayuan and Ibn Battuta are not mentioned in the textbook.

Third, after the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, these contacts were gradually broken due to the policy of seclusion adopted during the feudal period.

Characteristics of ancient China's foreign exchanges: the scope of foreign exchanges in the Han and Tang dynasties was relatively large, and the influence was relatively extensive; The Song and Yuan dynasties were mainly maritime diplomacy; During the Ming and Qing dynasties, traditional foreign relations reached their peak, but in the later period, a policy of closing the country to the outside world emerged, which severely restricted foreign and foreign exchanges.

nbsp;No matter what era it is, foreign exchanges are very important, and resting on one's laurels will only lead to stagnation, and stagnation is regression. So let's talk about the characteristics of ancient China's foreign exchanges.

Details:

Characteristics of Han Dynasty diplomacy.

1) Mainly in commerce, silk fabrics account for a large proportion of trade, with a considerable degree of one-way.

2) China-foreign exchanges are mainly by land, and both land and water are developed.

3) With Asia, including East Asia, Southeast Asia.

South Asia, Central Asia.

Countries in West Asia and other regions have frequent exchanges, which have had a great influence on Oriental culture, forming an East Asian cultural circle with China as the core.

4) Chinese civilization.

Through the Silk Road.

It began to spread to Europe.

5) China began to absorb Buddhism.

and other foreign cultures.

6) The Han Dynasty had an advanced civilization and had a far-reaching impact on the world.

Characteristics of Tang Dynasty diplomacy.

1) The scope of Tang Dynasty's foreign exchanges was more extensive and continuous.

2) The field is comprehensive, and the exchanges with Asian countries are the closest, and the Tang Dynasty is the center of Asian culture.

3) The Tang Dynasty's foreign exchanges were diverse, including envoy exchanges, international students, technical exchanges, first-class exchanges, religious exchanges, artistic exchanges and other forms.

4) The Tang Dynasty's frequent foreign exchanges had a huge impact, promoting the progress of East Asian, Asian and even world civilizations, forming a Chinese cultural circle, which was the center of civilization in the world at that time, and its influence was two-way.

Characteristics of diplomacy in the Song and Yuan dynasties.

1) Due to the Northern Song Dynasty.

Beginning, feudal society.

The development of China's commodity economy, the prosperity of domestic and foreign shipping, and the rapid development of foreign shipping, especially maritime transportation, are among the best in the world. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, in the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean.

The Chinese fleet is the most active.

2) During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, a number of international travelers with experience in foreign economic and cultural aspects appeared in China.

Diplomatic characteristics of the Ming and Qing dynasties.

1) Traditional foreign relations reached their peak, such as Zheng He's voyage to the West.

2) The emergence of overseas Chinese tide to promote the development of Nanyang.

3) Since the 16th century, Japanese and European colonizers began their aggression against China.

4) The Chinese people began the struggle against colonialism and aggression.

5) China began to introduce and introduce Western scientific knowledge.

6) In the legitimate Sino-foreign **, China is in a position of superiority. At the same time there is sinful opium**.

7) The Ming and Qing dynasties implemented a retreat policy.

Strict restrictions on foreign exchanges.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, China was unprecedentedly powerful, and the East Asian cultural sphere centered on China expanded day by day, and its influence extended beyond the scope of East Asia to Europe and Africa. During this period, the main contacts were limited to neighbors such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

It was not until the late Eastern Han Dynasty that there were direct contacts with West Asia and Europe.

Sui and Tang Dynasties: Political stability, feudal economic prosperity, developed foreign transportation, Chang'an and Luoyang became international metropolises, ** encouraged foreign businessmen to come to China**, allowed them to live in China for a long time, served as officials, and intermarried with Chinese. Foreign economic and cultural exchanges far exceed those of previous generations.

Song and Yuan dynasties: 1. Northern Song Dynasty: overseas ** exceeds the previous generation; **Set up municipal shipping departments in Guangzhou and other places to manage external affairs and ** collect commercial taxes.

2. Southern Song Dynasty: trade with more than 50 countries (mainly Arab merchants); set up a large port for foreign businessmen to live in; Quanzhou was the world's largest international port at that time; The compass spread to Europe.

3. Liaojin: Envoys to Goryeo** and set up a field at the border.

4. Yuan: Set up a city and shipping department in each port to trade with various countries; There are also contacts with Europe and Africa, Marco Polo came to Dadu when he was the ancestor of the Yuan dynasty, and went to West Asia and Africa in a row, and was the first traveler in China to visit European countries; Gunpowder spread to Europe through Arabia.

Ming and Qing dynasties: 1. Zheng He's voyage to the West: 1405-1433, seven times, east coast of Africa, Red Sea coast; Political purposes are the mainstay, regardless of economic benefits.

2. Overseas Chinese develop Nanyang: Tang began; The Ming Dynasty greatly increased, disseminated advanced technology and culture, and promoted the development of Nanyang.

3. Qi Jiguang's anti-Japanese attack: Ming ** strikes the market, which leads to the collusion between profiteers and Japanese criminals, forming a Japanese trouble; Qi Jiajun, Taizhou Jiujie, cooperated with Yu Dayou, and in 1565 basically cleared the southeast coast of the Japanese invaders.

4. Portuguese occupation of Macao: 1553 fraudulent acquisition of residency; forcible occupation of Macao; Ming ** has always held the territorial sovereignty of Macao.

5. Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan: The Netherlands occupied Taiwan at the end of the Ming Dynasty; 1662 Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan; Zheng's development of Taiwan; After the Qing Dynasty recovered Taiwan, it set up the Taiwan Prefecture in 1684 and belonged to Fujian Province.

6. Fight against Tsarist Russia: During the Kangxi period, there were two battles of Yaksa; Treaty of Nebuchu 1689.

7. Closing the country: After Zheng He went to the West (1405 1433), the Ming Dynasty implemented a sea ban in order to prevent pirate nuisance, and the Qing Dynasty closed the country in order to prevent foreigners and Han people from combining to oppose the Qing Dynasty.

The characteristics of ancient China's foreign exchanges include the importance of etiquette, the combination of commercial and trade activities and diplomacy, courtesy, peace, and the importance of espionage activities.

1. Pay attention to etiquette.

Ancient China attached great importance to etiquette, and diplomacy was no exception. When Han Huizi conducts diplomatic exchanges with foreign countries, she will pay attention to the implementation of etiquette and the norms of words and deeds.

2. Combine business and trade activities with diplomacy.

In ancient China, commercial activities were combined with diplomatic exchanges, and merchants and ** were used as diplomatic means to strengthen ties and communication with foreign countries.

3. Treat each other with courtesy.

The core principles of ancient Chinese diplomacy were to treat people with courtesy and respect for the cultures and traditions of other countries. In its diplomatic activities, China has always adhered to the principle of valuing peace.

4. Advocate peace.

Ancient Chinese diplomacy was aimed at advocating peace, and diplomatic warfare was only a means adopted in the case of extreme rhetoric. Many dynasties in Chinese history have advocated the idea of peaceful coexistence.

5. Pay attention to espionage.

Espionage was also a very important aspect of ancient Chinese diplomacy. The imperial court in ancient China sent personnel to foreign countries to conduct reconnaissance and intelligence gathering to ensure the security of the country.

The Han Dynasty, the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Ming and Qing dynasties, the main history of China's foreign exchanges and the characteristics of the times.

The main historical facts of China's economic and cultural exchanges with foreign countries in ancient times.

The fact of foreign exchanges between China and other countries and regions in ancient times is repented.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, China's foreign policy was to ban the sea and close the country.

1. The biggest feature is that the official government does not focus on profit, but on etiquette and friendship, and conducts equal and friendly exchanges;

2. Political stability and economic prosperity are important conditions for foreign economic and cultural exchanges. Peaceful and friendly exchanges are the mainstream of exchanges between our people and foreign countries, and these laws play an important role in the development and diplomatic enlightenment of contemporary China.

3 First by land**, then by sea**. China's ancient foreign traffic can be divided into two stages with the Tang Dynasty as the boundary. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, it mainly carried out exchanges with some countries and regions in West Asia, Europe and Africa through the land Silk Road;

4 From the Tang Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, foreign exchanges by sea became increasingly dominant, due to the continuous wars in the north and the shift of China's economic center of gravity to the south.