The ancient Chinese law of governing officials, the significance of the ancient Chinese emperor s re

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Xu officials are a very unique group in ancient Chinese society, they are widely distributed in the ** and local governments at all levels, undertaking various specific affairs. The so-called "Fu Shi Xu disciples, the officials of the Shu people." (Note: Ma Duanlin: "Literature General Examination".)

Volume 35 "Election Examination VIII: The Way of Officials". Xu officials are neither ****, nor different from ordinary people, but between the government and the people, as "the hub of the handover between the government and the people." (Note: Liang Zhangju: "Essays on Retreating.")

Volume V. They are both subject to and subordinate to the officials and the people, and are the assistants and direct participants in the rule of the officials over the people. In this sense, the officials are an indispensable part of the ruling group.

They were either the main clerks or the service drive, and they played an active role in the politics of the two Song Dynasty, but also brought many negative effects.

Significance: Rectifying the rule of history can consolidate and strengthen the regime, which is the most important significance of the ancient Chinese emperor's rectification of the rule of history:

Because in the country of the exploiting class, the officials"It holds public power and taxing power"。** All government decrees must be carried out through officials at all levels.

Lawbreakers in the exploiting class also rely on collusion with officials to get away with it, do evil, or compete with the best for profit, and damage the public and private interests. The state of government administration has a direct bearing on the rise and fall of political power and its survival. All wise and far-sighted monarchs and statesmen, proceeding from consolidating and strengthening their political power, have all paid attention to the rectification of the rule of officials.

Limitations. The ancient Chinese supervision system lasted for more than 2,000 years, and in the political operation of the ancient state, it did play a certain role in the supervision and restraint of state power, power and bureaucratic power. However, we should also recognize that the role of the ancient Chinese supervision system was limited and had its obvious historical limitations.

It can be said that the main characteristics of the ancient Chinese supervision system have always been in binary opposition to its historical limitations, and the historical limitation of a single line and vertical is the nature of the supervision system. The historical limitation of high power is the structure of the political system of ancient states; The historical limitation of the legalization of surveillance activities is the traditional rule of man.

The ancient Chinese supervision system originated very early, and the feudal state in ancient China set up a special "quasi-judicial" state supervision system in order to supervise the state, serve the interests of the country and the emperor, maintain the existing ruling order, and ensure the normal operation of the state apparatus. It is the main responsibility of ancient Chinese supervisory institutions and supervisors to supervise the implementation of laws and decrees, maintain the unity of national laws, decrees and the legal system (of course, this refers to the feudal legal system), and participate in and supervise the trial activities of major cases by local judicial (in ancient times, justice was subordinate to the executive, therefore, in ancient times, justice and administration were synonymous).

One of the most obvious features of the ancient Chinese supervision system is that the supervision institutions at all levels from the first (emperor and monarch) to the local government have formed a relatively independent system of single-line vertical (single-line contact and single-line leadership). This kind of supervision system centered on the imperial power determines the relative independence and separation of supervision and administration (including **, local, and even grassroots), the relative separation of local supervision organs and ** institutions, and the separation of supervision and bureaucracy. In order to ensure the independent operation of the supervision power, the integration of the supervision body, and the efficient exercise of the power of the supervision organization.

Around the Shunyu period, the Zen concession system, the Qin Dynasty military merit system, according to the military merit selection system, the Sui and Tang dynasties and later imperial examination system, to choose officials. However, the imperial examination system is prone to bureaucratic corruption and the formation of small cliques.