What is the book about?

Contents: The book describes in detail the types, origins, production technologies and process equipment of various crops and handicraft raw materials, as well as some production organization experience.

The first volume records the cultivation and processing methods of cereals, beans and hemp, the weaving and dyeing techniques of silk, cotton ramie, and the processes of salt and sugar production.

The contents of the middle volume include the production of bricks and ceramics, the construction of vehicles and ships, the casting and forging of metals, the mining and firing of coal, lime, sulfur and alum, as well as oil extraction and papermaking methods.

The second volume deals with the mining and smelting of metal minerals, the manufacture of weapons, the production of pigments and koji, and the collection and processing of pearls and jade.

Tiangong Kaiwu records various technologies in ancient China before the middle of the Ming Dynasty.

Originally published in 1637 (the tenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty), Tiangong Kaiwu consists of three volumes and eighteen articles, and the whole book includes agriculture, handicrafts, such as machinery, bricks, ceramics, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textiles, dyeing, salt making, coal mining, oil extraction and other production technologies.

The book is divided into three volumes, 18 chapters. It is accompanied by 123 illustrations depicting the names, shapes, and processes of more than 130 production technologies and tools. The title of the book is taken from "Shangshu Gao Taomo" "Heavenly Workers Replace It" and "Yi Ji Ci" "Open Things into Affairs", and the author says that "Cover people skillfully cause foreign objects" ("Hardware").

The whole book is divided into "Nailiang" (grain), "Naifu" (textile), "Zhangshi" (dyeing), "Essence" (grain processing), "Salty" (salt), "Ganzhi" (sugar), "Paste" (edible oil), "Taoyun" (ceramics), "Smelting and Casting", "Boat and Car", "Hammering", "Burnt Stone" (coal and stone firing), "Finishing Stone" (papermaking), "Hardware", "Jiabing" (weapons), "Danqing" (mineral pigment), "Qu tiller" (koji) and "Jewel".

It is a comprehensive scientific and technical monograph.

Tiangong Kaiwu is an important handicraft technology monograph that appeared in the last years of the Ming Dynasty in China, which retains a large number of handicraft production technology, arts and crafts materials, handicraft utensils production specifications and manufacturing processes, and expounds some important design ideas and design principles.

For a long time, the research on the design thought of "Heavenly Creations" has mainly been occasionally mentioned in the study of art history and specific art categories, which is basically a meandering point of water and has not been systematic. Here, this article only makes a tentative investigation and ** of the design idea of "Tiangong Kaiwu".

Starting from the historical documents, we can find out the true connotation of the design idea of "Heavenly Creation", and understand the subtlety and wisdom of the ancient artifacts, and strive to explore the basic characteristics of traditional Chinese art and design thoughts.

The design idea of "Tiangong Kaiwu" can be summarized in one sentence: "one goal, two systems, six fields". The so-called "one goal" is to design practical goals; The "two systems" refer to the design technology system and the design graphics system; The "six major fields" refer to the design of agricultural tools, clothing dyeing and weaving, metal casting and forging, ceramic bricks and tiles, papermaking, and transportation.

Extended content. Tiangong Kaiwu is a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient China, some people also call it an encyclopedic work, and foreign scholars call it "China's 17th century craft encyclopedia".

Published in 1637 (the tenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty), it consists of three volumes and eighteen articles, and the whole book includes agriculture and handicrafts, such as machinery, bricks and tiles, ceramics, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textiles, dyeing, salt making, coal mining, oil extraction and other production techniques. In particular, the "Machinery" chapter describes in detail agricultural machinery and tools, including vertical shaft windmills, sugar cars, ox rope wheels, etc., which are of high scientific value.

The author of "Heavenly Creations" is the Ming Dynasty scientist Song Yingxing, who emphasized that human beings should be in harmony with nature, and manpower should be coordinated with natural forces.

This book does not exist ...

There is a book of "Heavenly Creations" first published in 1637 (the tenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty). It is a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient China, and some people also call it an encyclopedic work.

Tiangong Kaiwu records various technologies in ancient China before the middle of the Ming Dynasty. The book is divided into three parts, 18 volumes. It is accompanied by 121 illustrations depicting the names, shapes, and processes of more than 130 production technologies and tools.

Introduction to ancient science and technology.

Not "The Beginning of the Heavens", but"Heavenly Creation", the author is Song Xingshu Yingxing.

Song Yingxing (1587—?) Famous scientist of the Ming Dynasty. The word Chang Geng, Jiangxi Fengxin County Waxi archway (now Fengxin County Songbu Commune archway production team) people.

Born in the seventh year of Ming Chongzhen (1634), he served as the teacher of Fenyi County, Jiangxi. Later, he also served as the governor of Tingzhou, Fujian, and the governor of Bozhou in the south.

In the first year of Hongguang of the Southern Ming Dynasty (1645), Song Yingxing was recommended to be awarded the Chuhe Soldier Patrol Road and the Nanrui Military Patrol Road (regional governors between provinces, prefectures, and prefectures), but Song Yingxing resigned. Before the death of the Ming Dynasty, Song Yingsheng had been promoted to the prefect of Guangzhou, and after the death of the Ming Dynasty, he had no intention of falling in love with the official, so he hung up the crown and returned to the country.

In the second year of Longwu (1646), Song Yingsheng took poison and was martyred. After that, during the more than ten years of tug-of-war between the Southern Ming Dynasty and the Qing Army, Song Yingxing has been living a reclusive life, "retiring from home to eat, expressing his life and academic ability, and picking up literary algae." "Spend your old age in poverty and refuse to leave the office.

In the twentieth year of Yongli (around 1666), Song Yingxing died at the age of 80.

"Heavenly Creation" Ideological Enlightenment:

The appearance of "Heavenly Creations" is one of the most splendid masterpieces of the most brilliant period of scientific activity in Chinese feudal society. It is not only an effective inheritance of the ancient scientific tradition, but also closely related to the various enlightening anti-authority consciousness, practical learning consciousness and people's livelihood consciousness that emerged at that time.

Since the Song and Ming dynasties, capitalist relations of production have existed sparsely with a weak development. Social existence plays a decisive role in social consciousness, and the new social reality has rekindled people's interest in nature, society, and life. The shift from empty talk to practice was the reflection of people of insight at that time, and this trend of thought began to exude a modern atmosphere in the way of thinking.

The above content reference: Encyclopedia - Tiangong Kaiwu.

Encyclopedia-Song Yingxing.

The author of "Heavenly Creation" is Song Yingxing.

Tiangong Kaiwu was first published in 1637 by Song Yingxing, a famous bureau scientist in the Ming Dynasty, with a total of 18 volumes and 123 pictures. The book covers agriculture and handicrafts, such as machinery, bricks, ceramics, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textiles, dyeing, salt making, coal mining, oil extraction, and other production techniques.

Tiangong Kaiwu is the world's first comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production, is a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient China, some people also call it an encyclopedic work, the author is the Ming Dynasty scientist Song Yingxing. Foreign scholars call it "the encyclopedia of Chinese craftsmanship in the 17th century".

Introduction:

Tiangong Kaiwu records the various techniques of ancient China before the middle of the Ming Dynasty. "Heavenly Creations" was first published in 1637 (the tenth year of Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty). Heavenly Creations is the world's first comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production.

It is a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient China, some people also call it an encyclopedic work, and the author is Song Yingxing, a scientist in the Ming Dynasty. Foreign scholars call it "the encyclopedia of Chinese craftsmanship in the 17th century".

In the book, the author emphasizes that human beings should be in harmony with nature, and human beings should be in harmony with natural forces. It is one of the richest preserved historical materials of Chinese science and technology, and it focuses more on the handicraft industry, reflecting the production conditions of the embryonic period of capitalism in China at the end of the Ming Dynasty.