What are the introductory skills for learning sophistry, what is sophistry, and what skills are requ

Reversing right and wrong in black and white.

Vague and ambiguous.

In the process of argumentation, the sophist deliberately violates the principle that the topic should be clear, and the argument is ambiguous and specious, trying to make different interpretations in different situations and justify a certain purpose. All fortune tellers, face-to-face, and divination people, one of their magic weapons to deceive people and ask for money is to try their best to say vague words, puns, blocked on both sides, surrounded on all sides, and it is okay to say it on the right side, and it makes sense to say it on the contrary, and it is improvised, anyway, let you believe that his words work. This is pure sophistry.

Swap the concept. Changing topics is one of the most common sophistries used by sophists. The main methods used by sophists to change concepts are: 1. Secretly change the connotation and extension of a concept to make it another concept.

2. Use polysemous words to confuse different concepts. 3. Grasp the connection between concepts and show the points of similarity, and erase the fundamental differences between different concepts. 4. Confusing the concept of set with the concept of non-set, the concept of set reflects the overall properties of a class of things, while the non-set concept reflects the properties of each molecule that makes up a class of things.

5. Change the topic. In the process of argumentation, they deliberately violate the rule that the topic should be clear and the same should be the same, and secretly change the topic. The topic of stealing and the concept of stealing are linked.

Generally speaking, the exchange of topics is often manifested as the exchange of some important concepts in the topic.

False arguments. It refers to deliberately violating the rule that arguments should be true, and using fabricated examples and wrong principles as arguments to argue wrong topics.

Circular argument. The truth of an argument is proved by arguments, and the truth of arguments is proved by arguments, which is a circular argument.

Human-based. It refers to the transfer of the evaluation of someone's qualities to the evaluation of the judgment made by someone in the argument. In other words, replace the argument for the topic with an evaluation of someone's qualities.

Appeal to authority. It refers to not making any arguments on the topic, but only giving authoritative words to frighten and deceive people. In other words, the substitution of individual statements by authoritative figures for logical arguments on the topic. Appealing to authority is a special manifestation of "relying on people".

Personal attacks. It refers to the substitution of attacks and insults for arguments on specific topics. This is also a very bad style.

Mechanical analogy. It refers to the deliberate analogy of two objects that are fundamentally different in nature, or who only have some superficially identical (or similar) properties, and derive an argument that one object has a certain property and the other object also has a certain nature. The conclusions drawn from this mechanical analogy are unreliable.

Sweeping. It refers to deliberately using one-sided and insufficient grounds to pretend to be comprehensive and sufficient arguments to make arguments, and to generalize one-sidedly in individual cases.

Sophistry requires clarity of thought, your purpose is to make people dizzy, to say it in different ways over and over again, and in the end you have to make the other person think that you are right.

The object of sophistry is truth or falsehood. The result of sophistry is logical conclusions. It is characterized by the fact that Thunder People have a strong sense of initiative.

Technique – discover the details of life, "facts speak louder than words".

In this world, right and wrong are relative, and what is right can be wrong at a certain time, and the opposite is the same. The technique is to magnify the side that is powerful to you and give some examples to prove it.

Grasp the emptiness in the other person's heart, find the loopholes in the other party's language, fight the truth with the truth, and just pay attention to be calm!!

The quibble is very logical, and if you get people dizzy, you succeed.

In layman's terms, it is to fool people.

It is recommended to take a look at "Yingyao Chapter".