When was the order of the five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty confirmed

The theory of the five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty was first seen in the Ming Dynasty royal collection catalogue "Xuande Ding Yi Spectrum": "The firewood, Ru, official, brother, Jun, and named kiln utensils in the inner library, the style is elegant, and the picture is submitted." "The Song porcelain kiln first recommended Ru kiln, official kiln, Ge kiln, Jun kiln, and Ding kiln.

Later generations called it "the five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty". Because the firewood kiln has not been found so far, and there is no physical object, the Jun kiln is usually included, and Ru, Guan, Ge, Ding, and called the five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty. Jun kiln is divided into official Jun kiln and Minjun kiln.

The Song Dynasty has always been known as the state of etiquette, and the tradition of etiquette and exchange has lasted for thousands of years, cultivating thousands of rare treasures of the ancient Chinese country. Since the birth of ceramics from the mud fire, bronze faded out, ceramics, the spirit of heaven and earth have become more and more exquisite, and gradually become the mainstream of ritual vessels. Gifting ceramics has become a custom of people for thousands of years, and the gift culture carried by ceramics has a long history and is carried forward.

During the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, Feng Yi compiled the "Xuande Ding Yi Spectrum", and the book contained the order of: Chai, Ru, Guan, Ge, Jun, Ding six famous kilns, because the firewood kiln has never seen the real thing, so it has become the five famous kilns.

The Song Dynasty was the heyday of Chinese porcelain, and there were five famous kilns of Ding, Jun, Guan, Ge and Ru Dingyao is located in Quyang County, Hebei Province, and the Song Dynasty belonged to Dingzhou Jun Kiln in Yu County, Henan Province, also known as "Jun Kiln" and "Junzhou Kiln". The name of the official kiln has different connotations in the history of ancient Chinese ceramics.

In a broad sense, it is a porcelain kiln that is different from the private kiln and is exclusively run by the government, and its products are monopolized by the court. In the porcelain of the Song Dynasty, the official kiln is a special name, referring to the celadon fired by the court kiln in the capital Bianjing (now Kaifeng) and Lin'an (now Hangzhou) in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, so there is a "old official" and "new official", the former is the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the latter is the official kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty. The site of the kiln is still not confirmed, and it has become one of the unsolved cases in the history of Chinese ceramics

In the territory of Ruzhou (now Linru, Henan), hence the name.

The five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty refer to the official kiln, the Ge kiln, the Ru kiln, the Ding kiln and the Jun kiln. The eight kiln systems are the designated kiln system, Cizhou kiln system, Yaozhou kiln system, Jun kiln system, Longquan kiln system, Jingdezhen kiln system, Jianyao series and Yue kiln system. There are many porcelain kilns in the Song Dynasty, each with its own characteristics, which is an important historical period in the history of China's ceramics in which famous kilns swarm and famous porcelain emerge one after another.

China's porcelain kiln in the Yuan Dynasty before the distribution of the north and south is more balanced, kiln sites throughout the country, famous kilns are dotted, such as the eight kiln systems of the Song Dynasty mentioned above, that is, there are four major kiln systems in the north and south, and the development of the porcelain industry after the Song Dynasty has been tilted, due to the cause of the war, the economy of the northern region has been seriously damaged, the porcelain industry has declined, the center of gravity of the porcelain industry has moved south, and many potters have moved south.

After the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province, with the help of its unique natural resources and skilled craftsmen, has developed by leaps and bounds in the original strong porcelain-making technology, and finally developed into the largest porcelain-making center in the country in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and is famous as the "porcelain capital" in the world.

Historical records: According to the "History of Chinese Ceramics", porcelain appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty, more than 1,800 years ago, and the time of the appearance of porcelain was set in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is based on a large number of archaeological data.

In Shangyu, Ningbo, Cixi, Yongjia and other cities and counties in Zhejiang have found the ruins of porcelain kilns of the Han Dynasty, in Luoyang, Henan, Anping, Hebei, Haoxian, Anhui, Yiyang, Hunan, Dangyang, Hubei and other late Eastern Han Dynasty tombs and Gaoyou Shaojiagou Han Dynasty ruins in Jiangsu, porcelain products have been found, and especially in Jiangxi, especially in Zhejiang, more have been found.

Among them, there are celadon jars with linen patterns from the tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty "seven years of Yanxi" (164 AD), celadon ear cups, five-link jars, wells, smokers and ghost stoves unearthed from the tomb of "four years of Xiping" (175 AD), celadon jars found in the tomb of "five years of Jiaping", and celadon jars unearthed from the same tomb as the clay pots of Zhushu "the first year of Chuping" (190 AD).

The discovery of these celadon wares with a definite date makes us believe that the invention of porcelain in China will not be later than the end of the Han Dynasty, and it should be more accurate to set it as the late Eastern Han Dynasty.

The above content reference: Encyclopedia - porcelain kiln.

1. Introduction: The five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty were first seen in the Ming Dynasty royal collection catalogue "Xuande Ding Yi Spectrum" in the inner library of Ru, Guan, Ge, Jun, and named kiln vessels. Xu Zhiheng of the Qing Dynasty said in "Drinking Liuzhai and Saying Porcelain" that Wuhua porcelain can be divided into three periods:

It is said to be Song, Ming and Qing. There are five most famous in the Song Dynasty, the so-called Chai, Ru, Guan, Brother, and Ding. There are also Jun kilns, which are also very valuable.

Since no kiln site has been found in the firewood kiln, and there is no physical object, the Jun kiln is usually included.

2. Artistic characteristics: Ru kiln is mainly celadon, and "glaze azure color", "crab claw pattern", "fragrant gray tire" and "sesame nail" are important bases for identifying Ru kiln. Among them, the crab claw pattern refers to the texture of the glazed piece of hair, and the sesame nail is because the foot is supported by a small nail during firing, and then the Ru kiln porcelain is burned in the air.

After the porcelain fired in this way is fired, there will be several points on the bottom glaze. The Ru kiln porcelain carcass is generally thinner, the glaze layer is thicker, and it has a jade-like texture.

3. Masterpieces: The Palace Museum in Beijing has Ru kiln azure glazed string pattern bottles, Ru kiln azure glaze round wash, Ru kiln azure glazed bowls, etc. There are Ru kiln azure unveined oval narcissus basin and Ru kiln pink blue lotus type warm bowl.

In the firing process of many porcelain, in order to pursue the process, it is generally not allowed to have too many glazed cracks, but the kiln has brought the beauty of the opening piece to the extreme, resulting in the typical characteristics of the kiln.

Dear, hello, the five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty refer to Ru kiln, official kiln, Ge kiln, Jun kiln, and Ding kiln.

The five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty were first seen in the Ming Dynasty royal collection catalogue "Xuande Ding Yi Spectrum": "The Ru, Guan, Ge, Jun, and named kiln utensils in the inner library, with elegant styles, are written and presented. ”

Answer]: China's five famous kilns are the five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty, namely: Jun kiln, Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Ding kiln, and Ge kiln.

Ru porcelain.

Ru porcelain ranks first among the five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty, and is known as "Ru kiln is the leader" in the history of Chinese ceramics. Because the firing time of Ru kiln in history is only 20 years, so the survival of Ru kiln porcelain is very small, any piece of Ru kiln porcelain is a rare treasure to this day, the Taipei National Palace is currently the world's most concentrated Ru kiln collection, the number of 21 pieces, according to statistics, there are only 67 pieces of Ruguan kiln in the world, all of which are collected in the world's major museums.

The situation of Ru porcelain among the people of the Song DynastyOuyang Xiu, a Song dynasty man, actually has a very clear guide in his "Returning to the Field": the real most beautiful thing about Ru kiln porcelain is the glaze, not azure, but pink and green, that is, emerald blue. The real porcelain color of Ru porcelain is semi-porcelain, vitrification is not obvious, and the body is not transparent.

Zhou Hui of the Song Dynasty also pointed out in his "Qingbo Magazine" that Ru porcelain wins with glaze, and celadon of the same generation can not be compared, and the genuine glaze is flooded, pure, and warm, and the glaze faintly shows a soft and subtle luster, which is not the same as the opalescence of Jun porcelain, nor the grease of the kiln, but a luster similar to that of ancient jade.