Why was Yoshinosuke Nakai, who had forged Qing Dynasty currency, not punished in the end?

There are as many counterfeits as there are coins. Coin counterfeiting can be a great deal of wealth, and there is no shortage of reckless risks in all dynasties. During the era of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, currency fraud was rampant in the Jianghuai region, and when Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty had to send cool officials to rectify it.

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, hundreds of thousands of currency counterfeiters were killed. After the Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, there was no shortage of counterfeiters in every dynasty, such as the Yuan Dynasty issued banknotes such as Zhongtong Yuanbao banknotes, and even the emperor's brother-in-law joined the counterfeiting team. The Qing Dynasty law punished counterfeiters very harshly, the leaders of the counterfeiters and the craftsmen were to be beheaded, their property confiscated, accomplices, those who knew about it, users, and magistrates were punished separately, and the fathers and sons who were separated from each other were punished by one degree, but they were also exiled for 3,000 li.

The criminal law is harsher than its predecessors, but it still does not stop those who take risks.

On May 27, 1897, the China International Commercial Bank was established at No. 6 on the Bund in Shanghai, which was managed and operated in full accordance with the model of the British HSBC Bank, and issued banknotes. These banknotes were printed in the United Kingdom. On February 4, 1903, a man from a Shanghai money bank went to the bank to exchange banknotes with the banknotes of the General Bank of China, only to find that they were counterfeit money.

On the second day, the China International Commercial Bank announced that there were counterfeit banknotes of 5 yuan and 10 yuan, and issued instructions for identifying the real from the fake. This move immediately aroused the resistance of the major money banks and shops in Shanghai, and they refused to use the banknotes of the China Commerce Bank, which caused panic among the general public, and people lined up at the door of the Commerce Bank to demand withdrawals, and surrounded the bank, and the banknotes of the China Commerce Bank were exchanged for 200,000 oceans on the same day.

When the bank staff was confused about the counterfeit money, a Japanese man came to exchange 4,000 counterfeit money, and was spotted on the spot. After obtaining the evidence, the patrol quickly arrested this person, whose name is Nakai Yoshinosuke, who is a ronin from Japan who came to China. He forged at least 300,000 oceans of China Commerce Bank banknotes in a private house in Osaka, Japan.

The physical maker of these counterfeit coins is also a Japanese ronin named Yamashita Chutaro. After producing the counterfeit money in Kyushu, he first transferred the notes to Yoshinosuke Nakai in Osaka, and then entered the market through the Shanghai trading company.

When their den was raided by the police, they found machines that printed paper money and a large number of unused counterfeit money. The China International Commercial Bank destroyed all the counterfeit banknotes and reprinted them. The newly printed banknotes have added an idol of the god of fortune and treasure on them, and the difficulty and complexity of banknote printing have been further increased.

What is infuriating is that these criminals who forged Chinese currency were acquitted, because Japanese law stipulates that counterfeiting other countries' currencies is not a crime.

Because the Qing ** was very weak and incompetent at that time, it was impossible to punish these Japanese who counterfeited currency, but it was transferred to Japan, and the Japanese side did not have a law to convict of counterfeiting the currency of other countries, so these Japanese people who counterfeited currency were not tried.

Because the corrupt Manchu** did not have the ability to deal with him, and the Japanese ** did not think that he had done something wrong, he was not punished.

Because the national policy at that time was that the crimes of the Japanese needed to be handed over to Japan for punishment, and at that time, Japanese law did not stipulate that it was a crime to counterfeit the currencies of other countries, so he was naturally released.

China is one of the earliest countries in the world to use currency, according to ancient documents and a large number of unearthed cultural relics, the origin of Chinese currency, at least 4,000 years old. In the embryonic period of currency, the items commonly used in people's lives, such as cattle and sheep, millet silk, pearl jade, turtle shells, etc., have been used as a medium of exchange in the repeated exchange process, played the role of equivalents, due to many inconveniences such as counting and carrying, many items as a medium of exchange were gradually eliminated, only seashells, because of their smooth and beautiful body, strong and easy to carry, and natural units, easy to count, widely used, the Shang Dynasty had shells as one of the most important universal currencies. During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, bronze smelting developed to a considerable level, and metal products increasingly entered the field of exchange, and copper coins appeared, which marked the beginning of China's currency into the metal coinage stage.

From the early years of the Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in different regions of China, according to different physical evolution systems, different forms of metal coins such as cloth coins, knife coins, ring coins and ant nose coins appeared. After Qin Shi Huang unified China, he abolished the complex currency system of the six countries and unified the minting of the "Qin Half Coin" on the outside and the inside of the square, also known as the "Half Two Coins", which was the first unification of China's currency types and units. Starting from Qin, through the Han, Sui, Tang to Ming and Qing dynasties, China's coinage basically follows the shape of the outer circle and the inner square, so the money has another name called "Brother Confucius".

In the currency of our country, gold and silver have been used as currency very early, and in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, gold and silver coinage with a certain shape has appeared. Since the beginning of the Jin and Yuan dynasties, the first gradually played the function of value scale and means of circulation, and achieved the status of full currency, and the silver dollar was widely used in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China. China is the first country in the world to use paper money, the earliest in the Han Dynasty appeared deerskin coins, the Tang Dynasty appeared as a total exchange of coupons for flying money.

As a means of formal circulation, paper money began with the "Jiaozi" and "Qian Yin" of the Northern Song Dynasty. Later, in the Southern Song Dynasty, "Huizi" and "Guanzi" appeared. The gold people printed and handed over the treasure bills, and the yuan and Ming printed and distributed the treasure notes.

After the Qing Dynasty government issued official money, money stamps, and the Opium War, with the gradual rise of modern silver, bank exchange coupons began to prevail, and paper money gradually became the main currency.

TWD, AUD, HKD, CNY.

In short: from shells to metal coins to paper money.

The history of human use of money arose in the era of barter. In primitive societies, people used barter to exchange the goods they needed, but sometimes they were limited by the types of goods used for exchange, and had to find an item that could be accepted by both parties to the exchange, which was the most primitive currency. As the economy grew, a wide variety of currencies began to appear.

Qin Shi Wang abolished the old coins of the Six Kingdoms and based on the original Qin coins, minted round square hole copper coins, engraved with "half taels", which was legal tender, and was used throughout the country, called "half taels" money, and later generations called "Qin half taels". The answer is: a half and a half dollars!

Choosing a to unify China also unifies the currency, stipulating that ** is the upper currency, and the unit is "eridium" (20 taels); Copper is the lower coin, the unit is "half a tael".

After Qin Shi Huang unified China, the common currency was half a tael, a kind of copper coin, the ancient view of the sky and the round place, the copper coin was characterized as a square hole round coin

Therefore, to solve the Triffin dilemma once and for all, it is necessary to achieve a match of rights and obligations in the international monetary system, and this can only be done under the conditions of a balance of power in the international monetary system. This implies that it is an inevitable trend for regional currencies to replace national currencies as world currencies.

The reversion of the global fixed exchange rate.

In the next 100 to 150 years, the global fixed exchange rate system will replace the Jamaican system as a new international monetary system that adapts to the trend of financial globalization. As for the specific form of such an international monetary system, we believe that it will take the form of a three-legged tripartite combination of the three regional currencies of the euro area, the dollar area and the Asian dollar area, that is, the one proposed by Mundell"Global Financial Stability Mishima"conception.

Our analysis of the evolution of the international monetary system in the next 100 to 150 years is as follows: first, more Latin American countries will carry out policy dollarization, that is, the entire Americas are likely to use the dollar as an internal anchor; Second, more European countries (and even some Middle East and North African countries) will join the eurozone (as evidenced by the recent eastward expansion of the European Union), and since the eurozone economy is now large enough to compete with the dollar area, the euro will be a strong competitor to the dollar in terms of reserve currencies and international account currencies; Third, the situation in Asia is more complex, as progress in regional monetary cooperation in the region will be slower than in Europe and the United States due to significant differences in business cycles and economic structures between Asian countries, as well as historical and cultural differences.

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