Before the unification of Qin Shi Huang, how different were the characters of the Seven Kingdoms, an

During the Warring States period, each country had its own culture, so there was a great difference in their respective characters, and they were incomprehensible to each other.

The words vary widely, but they don't necessarily mean they don't know. Because at that time, the literate people were aristocrats, and the customs and culture of each country were different, and the writing was different. But after all, they have been intermarrying and fighting, and they are not unrecognizable.

The difference is not much, after all, they all originated from hieroglyphs; It is true that the seven countries did not know each other's words, because they had not been studied, and few people translated them.

There was a big difference, and although some of the words were similar, the meanings were completely different, so it was very troublesome to communicate with each other at that time.

Before the unification of Qin Shi Huang, how different were the characters of the Seven Kingdoms, and did they really not know each other?

The origin of Chinese writing can be traced back to Cangjie to create characters, this time is much earlier than the Seven Kingdoms, and before the unification of Qin Shi Huang, the gap in words is not large, and the people's dependence on words is not high, so even if the words are very different, the impact on the people is very small, to this day, there are countless types of dialects in various parts of China, and some people say what outsiders can't understand at all. So during the Seven Kingdoms period, language exchange was the mainstream. Let's go back to the period of the Seven Kingdoms with the author, how different their words are.

01, the difference between the words is not big, and even the creation of some words in the general version of many languages is ** in daily life seen and heard, it is said that when Cangjie made words, it is based on the paw prints of birds on the ground, as well as the body shape and demeanor of animals and plants to create Chinese characters, although it is only a myth, but it also shows the understanding of the ancient people of our country on the text, before Qin Shi Huang did not unify the Seven Kingdoms, the text in the form, part of the content of the expression of the text is also very different, but not all do not know. But there are also some special ethnic groups that use words that are really not understood by outsiders. But that doesn't stop you from connecting with outsiders.

Translation was already a good job at that time.

02, individuals can't know all the words, but it doesn't affect the exchange of ancient official positions divided into civil officials and military generals, and there are very few people who are both civil and military. China's writing has a long history, so it is normal to develop different characters, but it is Xiucai who knows and hyphenation, and it is the military general who dances the knife and the gun. For the common people, words and force are things that are not often touched.

At that time, there was a separation of powers, but the personnel within the power were not single, so the differences in writing between countries were completely familiar with special people, and the exchanges between countries were envoys.

03, there are many kinds of words, but there are all-round words in the history of our country, but as far as the Chinese characters in the dictionary are concerned, ordinary people use less, so the difference between the words, in daily life, the difference is not big, people interact more, understand the corresponding meaning of the words, naturally will recognize different words, in the era of the Seven Kingdoms, the country has not been unified, and businessmen do business, can do **, completely show the ironclad evidence of knowing each other's words, so the size of the difference does not hinder the exchange between countries.

Language and writing are both expressions of things, language is an auditory expression, and words are visual communication, so no matter how different words are, there will be people who are knowledgeable. Wouldn't it be a joke to not be able to understand other people's expressions in the communication between countries, so the difference in writing was not very large, and there were people who specialized in translation, so the difference in words at that time did not affect daily communication. The Seven Kingdoms script, following the general trend of the world, is not much different.

After Qin unified the Six Kingdoms, the text was "Xiao Seal".

The small seal was implemented after Qin Shi Huang unified China (221 BC)."The book is the same text, and the car is on the same track"On the basis of the original use of the Great Seal script used by the Qin State, the policy of unifying weights and measures was carried out by Prime Minister Li Si, simplifying, canceling the other six scripts, and creating a unified Chinese character writing form. It remained popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty (about 8 AD), when it was gradually replaced by Lishu. However, due to its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers.

And because of its complex strokes, the form is ancient, and can be added at will, the seal engraving, especially the official seal that needs to be anti-counterfeiting, has been using the seal script until the fall of the feudal dynasty, and the emergence of new anti-counterfeiting technology in modern times.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the princes were divided, and the Chinese characters of various countries appeared simplified and complex.

First, the situation of multiple forms of one word. After Qin Shi Huang destroyed the Six Kingdoms, he ordered the Qin State's"Small seals"as a standard, unified national script. Seal, also known as:"Seal script"It is the collective name of the small seal and the big seal, because it is customary to call the text a big seal, so later generations often put it"Seal script"Refers specifically to the small seal.

The development of Chinese characters to the stage of small seals, and gradually began to be stereotyped (outline, strokes, structure stereotyped), the pictographic meaning weakened, making the characters more symbolic, reducing the confusion and difficulties in writing and reading, which is also the first time in the history of our country to use administrative means to standardize the product of writing on a large scale. The Qin Dynasty used the sorted small seals to unify the national script, which not only basically eliminated the phenomenon of different characters in various places, but also greatly changed the situation of many different ancient characters, and played an important role in the history of the development of Chinese characters.

It is "Qin Seal", also known as "Little Seal".

After Qin Shi Huang unified the six countries, he felt the complexity of the national script and the different styles of books, so he proposed "the same text of the book", the unity of the text and the unity of the style. Qin Shi Huang ordered Li Si, who was good at calligraphy, to do the work.

Therefore, the small seal is also called "Qin seal".

Another reason is to change the original curved strokes and lines, and to sort out a new font with even strokes and easy to write.

The formulation of the small seal is the first time in China to systematically standardize the style of writing.

After Qin unified the six countries, the unified script was the small seal, which promoted cultural dissemination and accelerated national integration.

In fact, according to the records of the history books, we can also find that people should know each other about the writing between the six countries, otherwise there is no way to understand the diplomatic documents between the countries.

I can say another famous example, and that is Qin Shi Huang reading "Han Feizi". It is said that Han Feizi is a Korean nobleman, because he is not reused in Korea, so he wrote a book "Han Feizi". This book was later seen by Qin Shi Huang, who read it all night long, and even exclaimed, "If I can see this person, I will die without regrets", which can actually prove how similar the words were at that time.

Then, we can go one step further. If the characters are so similar, why did Qin Shi Huang want to unify the characters? First of all, it is to make the decree very fast, and the most important thing is to implement the small seal.

The biggest difference between the Qin Dynasty and the previous vassal states was that Qin Shi Huang had to rule an unprecedented empire, so he had to speed up administrative efficiency.

After the unification of Qin, the first emperor toured the world, Yishan, Taishan, Langyu and so on have carved stone characters, all of which are small seals, and these official stone carvings of the Qin Dynasty are showing that Qin unified the text with small seals. However, in view of the fact that the small seal is not convenient for popular use among the people as a regular character, the official script of the Han Dynasty replaced the small seal as the main font. Lishu evolved from the vulgar characters of the Qin State during the Warring States period.

That is to say, the font of the final unified script is the vulgar script of the Qin State and the official script of the Han Dynasty.

In order to speed up administrative efficiency, Qin Shi Huang not only unified the written language, but also carried out measures such as "cars on the same track" and unified weights and measures. Of course, policies such as the same track and the unification of weights and measures have been successful. However, according to Tsuruma's research, although the Qin Dynasty announced the unification of writing several times, it was not thoroughly implemented throughout the country.

Why? That's because at that time, because the power of ** could not be implemented in the whole country, the general Qin Dynasty ** could only appoint senior officials such as county guards, cheng, and lieutenants, and as for the local **, they could only use local people, called "chiefs". As a result, many people still continue the writing of the Six Kingdoms period, so there is no way for the writing to be completely unified.

However, in the Western Han Dynasty, as the people who grew up in the Six Kingdoms period gradually died, and the descendants began to learn the small seal from an early age, then the writing was gradually unified.

I used to learn calligraphy from small seals, and recently I learned big seals. I feel that the small seal is too complicated, and the big seal is simple and straightforward. From simple to complex.

Personally, I feel that there is a big difference, because without a unified script, the first six countries are very confusing, and each text is not neat.

The difference between the six languages is really very big, and basically it is impossible for the people of their own countries to communicate with the people of foreign countries, and the languages are completely different.

Before the unification of Qin Shi Huang, there was little difference between the characters of the seven countries, the fonts were all in the compilation style, and the structure was six books, but the glyph had changed, and the word was still the same word, and the meaning of the word remained the same. A script can have multiple glyphs without affecting its use. The Latin alphabet also has different glyphs like a or a.

Since then, the characters of the princely states have a variety of glyphs for each character, and the largest number of glyphs is nearly 100. Qin Shi Huang unified the script, in fact, unified the glyphs and standardized the characters, which was a kind of progress. As for the alien text, do countries know each other?

Affirmative recognition. The written language used in various countries is in the Yayan of the Zhou Dynasty, and the heteromorphic characters are like typos and vulgar characters, which have little impact on communication.

There are only three emperors in history. One is Qin Shi Huang, one is Tang Taizong, and the other is our Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Qin Shi Huang's merit lies in the unification of the six kingdoms and the establishment of the Chinese territory; Unify weights and measures and writing, and build the Great Wall.

Taizong was in him when he established the first empire, when the Tang Dynasty was very influential. After the fall of the Qin state, the Han king dominated the world, and the Han king Liu Che led his empire from a country often harassed by the Xiongnu to prosperity. We know that there is the word Qin Emperor Han Wu.

I know that Emperor Qin refers to Qin Shi Huang, and Han Wu refers to Emperor Wu of Han Liu Che.

First of all, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty listened to Dong Zhongshu's countermeasures, and regarded Confucianism as the orthodox ideology of the Chinese nation. After the death of Emperor Wu Empress Dowager Dou, she vigorously strengthened the centralization of power and transferred all the power to her own hands. In order to strengthen the imperial power, Emperor Wu Paihong of the Han Dynasty chose to reform the prime minister system and establish the Zhong Dynasty (Inner Dynasty).

This had a great influence on the development of the prime ministership system later. In this way, the ** power became stronger and stronger, and the local power became weaker and weaker, which well promoted the consolidation and development of the Han Dynasty.

It can be seen that the history of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is very highly evaluated. It is almost the same as Qin Shi Huang, which can be said to be the greatest affirmation of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. What great achievements did Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty have?

His first great achievement was to strengthen the ** power, weaken the local forces, and consolidate the absolute position of the imperial power. In terms of national ideological education, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also attached great importance to and vigorously promoted the idea of Confucian supremacy. Emperor Wu was not only very capable politically, but also very capable militarily.

He sent troops to fight against the Xiongnu many times, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty won the final victory in many wars, which well consolidated the stability of the frontier.

In addition, it can also be seen that Han Wuji or Emperor was a person with extremely strong military leadership ability. Moreover, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attached great importance to cultural exchanges, sent Zhang Mao to the Western Regions, and then opened the Silk Road. This road has also greatly promoted the exchange and development of culture with the Western Regions, and has left a valuable legacy for Chinese culture.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened up the southern and southwestern regions, integrating the Han and many ethnic minorities, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty brought many advanced iron production tools to the southwest region, which promoted the development of the local economy and culture.

This is absolutely because both of them have made relatively large contributions to the country, and both have reformed politics, reformed military competition, improved the development of culture, and also promoted politics.

Because Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promoted the consolidation and development of the Han Dynasty, and the concept of Confucianism that he admired brought a very good demeanor to the society, he brought many advanced production tools to the southwest region and opened up the Silk Road.

It is because Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty greatly promoted the imperial examination system and repaired the Great Wall, which laid the foundation for future economic development.

At that time, there were a lot of characters, there were oracle bone scripts, gold fonts, small seal scripts, seal scripts, block letters, line scripts, etc., different countries have different fonts, but the differences between fonts are not very large.

At that time, Li Si adjusted and integrated the characters of major countries, and formed the small seal of the script that had been used in the Qin Dynasty.

At that time, the writing of each country was very different, and the script of each vassal state was different, and later the unified script used "small seal".

After Qin Shi Huang unified the Six Kingdoms, the text was Xiao Seal.

After Qin Shi Huang unified China, the small seal was implemented as "the book is the same text, the car is on the same track", and the policy of unifying weights and measures was carried out by Prime Minister Li Hejiaosi, and on the basis of the original use of the Great Seal of Qin Guoyuan, it was simplified, and the other six languages were cancelled, and the Chinese character writing form of the unified script was created. It was popular in China until the end of the Western Han Dynasty, when it was gradually replaced by Lishu. However, due to its beautiful font, it has always been favored by calligraphers.

And because its strokes are complex, the form is ancient, and you can add twists and turns at will, the seal engraving, especially the official seal that needs to be anti-counterfeiting, has been using the seal script until the fall of the feudal dynasty, and the new anti-counterfeiting technology in modern times has withered.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the princes were divided, and the Chinese characters of various countries appeared simplified and complex.

First, the situation of multiple forms of one word. After Qin Shi Huang destroyed the Six Kingdoms, he ordered the Qin State's"Small seals"as a standard, unified national script. Seal, also known as:"Seal script"It is the collective name of the small seal and the big seal, because it is customary to call the text a big seal, so later generations often put it"Seal script"Refers specifically to the small seal.