Historical causes of international trade barriers, what are the international trade barriers

1.National interests are the decisive factor in international relations, and the common interests between countries are the basis of international cooperation.

2.Liberalization is an inevitable trend in the development of the world economy, but in the process of liberalization, protection appears in a new form, that is, "new protectionism", and the fundamental reason for its emergence is that countries want to try their best to safeguard their own interests.

3.In addition, the differences in traditions and histories of various countries have also led to the existence of ** barriers between countries.

**Barrier Measures implemented or supported by foreign countries (or regions) are regarded as **barriers if they have any of the following circumstances:

l. Violation of the multilateral treaty or bilateral agreement signed with China to which the country (or region) and China are parties;

2. It constitutes or may constitute an unreasonable obstacle or restriction on the entry of Chinese products or services into the market of that country (or region) or the market of a third country (or region);

3. Causing or likely to cause unreasonable damage to the competitiveness of China's products or services in the market of that country (or region) or the market of a third country (or region).

If a foreign country (or region) fails to fulfill its obligations under the multilateral treaty or bilateral agreement signed with China, it is also regarded as a barrier.

The more common ** barriers in practice are mainly reflected in the following aspects: tariff measures that violate commitments; Import management restrictions (including customs clearance restrictions, domestic taxes, import bans, import licenses, etc.) that lack a basis for rules; lack of scientific basis for technical regulations, product standards, conformity assessment procedures, sanitary and phytosanitary measures; unreasonable anti-dumping, anti-subsidy, safeguard measures and other remedial measures; ** Restrictions on the import of products in violation of the relevant rules in procurement; export restrictions; Subsidy; Service access and business restrictions; unreasonable intellectual property measures related to **; Other ** barriers, etc.

Such as the world economic crisis during 1929 and 1933!

The capitalist countries have been hit hard, and in order to get out of the crisis and reduce losses, countries have erected ** barriers.

The basic content is to greatly increase tariffs and restrict the entry of foreign goods into the country. In order to protect the market of the country.

On the one hand, the great powers have built the best barriers, and on the other hand, they have stepped up dumping on the colonies and semi-colonies.

At that time, our country was seriously dumped by the United States!

The essence is: to safeguard the interests of the country!

Trade barriers barrier to trade are also known as barriers. The artificial restrictions imposed on foreign goods and services exchanges mainly refer to the various restrictive measures imposed by a country on the import of foreign goods and services.

All kinds of artificial measures that hinder the normal situation and interfere with the role of the market competition mechanism belong to the category of barriers. Such as import taxes or other customs duties that serve an equivalent purpose.

various quantitative limits on the circulation of goods; discriminatory measures or practices between producers, buyers or users (in particular with regard to** or trading conditions and freight charges); various subsidies or special burdens imposed by the State; and restrictive practices in order to delineate the market or to obtain additional profits, among other things.

For example, the argument of de-globalization is quite marketable. But today's global inflation shows that even localized barriers can have a huge impact on the global economy.

The global division of labor, the world, the use of their comparative advantages, to create more at the lowest cost, is still an unstoppable trend, nearby production, short chain production may also rise, but will only become a supplement to the existing system.

Therefore, the response to inflation cannot only rely on raising interest rates, and reducing or eliminating various barriers should be discussed and implemented more seriously, such as some chambers of commerce in the United States calling on the United States to cancel or reduce tariffs on Chinese goods, and Indonesia, which restricts palm oil exports, has lifted the ban.

Barriers are also known as barriers. The artificial restrictions imposed on foreign commodity and labor exchanges mainly refer to the various restrictive measures imposed by the state on the import of foreign goods and services.

Barriers can also be understood as: the various measures in place to restrict or prevent the import of foreign goods. **Barriers can be divided into: tariff barriers by means of tariffs and non-tariff barriers by means of measures other than tariffs.

**Classification of Barriers:

1. Non-tariffBarriers

It refers to the most important obstacles formed by all import restriction measures other than tariffs, and can be divided into two categories: direct restrictions and indirect restrictions.

Direct restriction refers to the adoption by the importing country of certain measures to directly restrict the quantity or amount of imported goods, such as import quota system, import license system, foreign exchange control, import minimum price, etc.

Indirect restriction is to indirectly restrict the import of goods by formulating strict regulations and regulations on imported goods, such as discriminatory procurement policies, strict technical standards, health and safety regulations, inspection and packaging, labeling regulations and other mandatory technical regulations.

2. Tariff barriersBarriers

Tariff barriers, also known as tariff measures, refer to measures that hinder imports in terms of tariff setting, tax calculation methods and tariff administration. Common tariff barriers take several forms: tariffs (volume-specific tariffs, ad valorem tariffs, choice tariffs, mixed tariffs), tariff peaks, tariff escalation, tariff quotas, and special tariffs (additional tariffs).

Barriers, also known as barriers, are artificial restrictions on foreign commodity and labor exchanges, which mainly refer to various restrictive measures imposed by a country on the import of foreign goods and services;

1. Barriers are generally divided into tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers. Tariff barriers are one of the main forms of barriers. It refers to a kind of obstacle formed by the customs set up by a country to impose tariffs on the import and export of goods within its own customs territory;

2. Common tariff barriers include the following: tariff peaks, tariff escalation, and tariff quotas;

3. The main forms of non-customs and tax barriers are: import ban, quota management, import and export license management, customs clearance barriers, national monopoly of import and export, discriminatory procurement policy, discriminatory domestic taxes and fees, sea code repentance valuation, quantitative foreign exchange deferred control, import deposit management, technical barriers, animal and plant inspection and quarantine measures, rules of origin, subsidies, etc.

Barriers are also known as barriers. The artificial restrictions set on the exchange of goods and services between foreign countries are mainly to guide the various restrictive measures imposed by a country on the import of foreign goods and services. Generally, there are two types of tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.

**Barriers can be divided into two categories: tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.

Tariff barriers mainly include tariff peaks, tariff escalation, tariff quotas, volume tariffs, and ad valorem tariffs. Non-tariff barriers mainly include barriers to customs clearance, discriminatory imposition of domestic taxes and fees on imported products, import bans, import licenses, technical barriers, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, remedial measures, discrimination against imported products in procurement, export restrictions, subsidies, service barriers, intellectual property measures related to imports and other barriers. In recent years, countries around the world, especially developed countries, are increasingly under the banner of maintaining import and export business order, protecting the interests of domestic consumers, and protecting the ecological environment, with the help of some new barrier measures to protect domestic industries, which are highly concealed, involve a wide range, and lack of effective constraints of multilateral rules, destroying a fair international environment.

This is divided into two aspects, because ** barriers are divided into tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.

the impact of tariff barriers on the international level;

1. Impact on the world.

Generally speaking, all other things being equal, the increase or decrease of tariff rates of major countries in the world market is inversely proportional to the speed of international development.

2. The impact on the structure and geographical direction of commodities.

From the 50s to the early 70s of the 20th century, import tariffs on manufactured goods in advanced capitalist countries fell more than agricultural products. Tariffs fell more among the advanced capitalist countries than they did with developing and socialist countries. Intra-bloc tariffs have fallen more than they have done outside the bloc.

This difference in the magnitude of tariff reductions not only caused the growth of manufactured goods to exceed that of agricultural products, and the growth between the advanced capitalist countries exceeded that between them and the developing and socialist countries, but also caused the growth within certain blocs to exceed the growth outside the bloc.

3. Impact on goods, production and sales.

Generally speaking, after the imposition of tariffs on imported goods, it will lead to a decline in the domestic import volume of the importing country, which plays a role in protecting and promoting the production and sales of domestic products under certain conditions. However, if the tariff rate is too high for a long time and the protection period is too long, it will not only seriously damage the interests of consumers, but also often hinder the technological improvement and cost reduction of these products in China, weaken the competitiveness of the products, and ultimately affect the development of their production and sales.

4. The impact on the difference and the balance of payments.

When a country has a serious surplus and a balance of payments deficit, if import restrictions such as raising import tariffs are widely adopted, imports may be temporarily suppressed, the deficit may be narrowed and the balance of payments improved. However, in the long run, it is difficult to determine whether the increase in import tariffs can actually pray for such an effect. In addition, because a country raises tariffs, it may cause a chain reaction between countries, competing to raise tariffs, build high tariff barriers, and restrict each other's imports, and as a result, they will resist each other's role in reducing the import surplus and improving the balance of payments.

It is important to note, however, that the effects described above occur under the assumption that other conditions are the same or unchanged, and that if the situation changes, the impact of tariffs on the international ** will also change accordingly.

Impact of NTBs on the international community.

1. Non-tariff barriers hinder the development of international standards.

Each country or regional economic bloc has its own interests, and the extensive setting of non-tariff barriers has artificially hindered the normal development of the international community.

2. Non-tariff barriers have changed the structure and geographical direction of international commodities.

After World War II, especially the strengthening of non-tariff barriers, agricultural products were affected by non-tariff barriers more than manufactured products, and labor-intensive products were affected by non-tariff barriers more than technology-intensive products.