Types of edible fungi, classification of edible fungi

Common edible mushrooms mainly include home-cooked shiitake mushrooms, fungus, oyster mushrooms, enoki mushrooms, king oyster mushrooms, tea tree mushrooms, white fungus, lion's mane mushrooms, porcini mushrooms, bamboo sunflowers, morels, mushrooms, as well as Ganoderma lucidum, cordyceps sinensis and other fungi.

Now that we know what are the common types of edible mushrooms, let's take a closer look at their nutritional value and efficacy.

Shiitake mushroom is a specialty of China and the second largest edible mushroom in the world, rich in vitamin B group and minerals such as iron and potassium; Pleurotus eryngii is a rare edible mushroom with high nutritional value, rich in protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, etc., which can improve human immunity;

Matsutake mushroom is rich in protein, containing 18 kinds of amino acids, 14 kinds of essential trace elements, 49 kinds of active nutrients, accounting derivatives, peptides, etc., especially containing matsutake alcohol, a unique anti-cancer substance, which is the world's most targeted natural medicinal mushroom; The morel mushroom cap contains 7 essential amino acids such as leucine, lysine, and other essential amino acids, which are very precious ingredients.

The 20 commonly eaten mushrooms are described as follows:

1. Shiitake mushroom is an edible mushroom, belonging to the light mushroom family food, because of its fungus with fragrance, so it is called shiitake mushroom, suitable for growing in a humid and cool environment, artificially planting shiitake mushrooms, using sawdust, bran, and water and other substances to make base soil, and then mix the fungus in the base soil, make it into a fungus bag and then breed.

2. Straw mushroom is an edible mushroom, also known as hemp mushroom and orchid mushroom, because the plant grows mostly in the moist straw pile, so it is called straw mushroom, its body size is larger than that of shiitake mushroom, and the color of the cap is white, the top is brown, the stem is white or yellow-white, and the flesh is thick.

3. Bamboo sunflower is an edible mushroom, but its body shape is different from other mushrooms, and its fungus cap will grow a net-like substance, and the color is bright, just like a girl wearing a dress, so Zhusun is also called the snow skirt fairy. However, the growth of bamboo sunflower has high environmental requirements and is a rare species.

4. Lion's mane mushroom is also an edible mushroom, because its fungus shape is similar to that of lion's head, so it is called lion's mane mushroom, which belongs to a more valuable mushroom species, mainly distributed in northeast China, and only appears in the rainy season.

There are more than 350 kinds of edible mushrooms known in China, most of which belong to the subphylum Basidiomycetes, and the common ones are: shiitake, straw mushroom, mushroom, fungus, white fungus, monkey's head, bamboo sun, matsutake mushroom (matsutake mushroom), mouth mushroom, red mushroom and porcini mushroom, etc.; A few belong to the subphylum Ascomycetes, among them: morels, saddle mushrooms, truffles, etc.

In nature, the above-mentioned fungi grow in different regions and in different ecological environments. There are many species and quantities that grow in mountain forests, such as shiitake mushrooms, fungus, white fungus, monkey's head, pinemouth mushrooms, red mushrooms and porcini mushrooms. In the fields, roadsides, grasslands and grass piles, there are straw mushrooms, mushrooms, etc.

In the south, there are more high-temperature fruiting fungi; In alpine areas and cold areas in the north, low-temperature fruiting fungi grow more often.

It is supposed to belong to white rot fungi, and its mycelium is white. Just pay attention to the definition of white rot.

1. Shiitake mushrooms

Shiitake mushroom belongs to basidiomycetes, Umbellifera, Mouth mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, mushroom species, the second largest mushroom in the world, is a relatively common edible mushroom, also called mushroom, mushroom, mushroom, etc., the bikaryotic hyphae of shiitake mushrooms have a lock-like union, and the bikaryotic hyphae can form a large number of fruiting bodies under suitable conditions.

2. Enoki mushroom

Enoki mushroom belongs to the class of Umbel mushrooms, Umbrella Mushrooms, Mouth mushrooms, Moneyy mushrooms, mushroom species, which are also called Mushroom, Funchomyces fungi, etc., the mycelium can grow in the range of 3 34 degrees, and the optimal temperature is about 23 degrees; The mycelium has a strong ability to tolerate low temperatures, and can grow slowly below 3 degrees Celsius, and has a weak resistance to high temperatures, and the mycelium will stop growing at 34 degrees.

3. Lion's mane mushroom

Hericium erinaceae is the fruiting body of the fungus Hericium erinaceae, named because of its resemblance to a monkey's head, it is also called woolly mushroom, hedgehog mushroom, cauliflower fungus, etc. Lion's mane mushroom meat is tender, mellow and delicious, with high nutritional value, and is a dual-purpose fungus for medicine and food, which is very popular with consumers and the market.

4. Black fungus

Black fungus, also known as black cabbage, fungus, cloud fungus, etc., belongs to the family Xylella, fungus, is a precious medicinal and edible colloidal fungus in China. Black fungus is native to China, and is planted in northeast, northern, central, southwestern, and coastal provinces in China.

5. Red mushrooms

The scientific name of red mushroom is red mushroom, also known as red mushroom, red mushroom, old red mushroom, large red mushroom, large red mushroom, large red mushroom, etc. Red mushrooms form mycorrhizae with trees such as alder or red cone, and grow well under certain environmental conditions such as climate and soil.

Common edible mushrooms are: shiitake mushrooms, straw mushrooms, mushrooms, fungus, white fungus, monkey's head, bamboo sun, matsutake mushroom (matsutake mushroom), mouth mushroom, red mushroom, ganoderma lucidum, cordyceps, truffle, white spirit mushroom and porcini mushroom, etc.; A few belong to the subphylum Ascomycetes, among them: morels, saddle mushrooms, truffles, etc.

There are more than 120,000 species of fungi described in the world, more than 6,000 species that can form large fruiting bodies or sclerotia tissues, more than 2,000 species that can be eaten, and only 40 50 species that can be cultivated in a large area. Edible fungi belong to the phylum Mycomemycetes, most of them belong to the subphylum Basidiomycetes (such as Oyster mushrooms and shiitake mushrooms), and a few belong to the subphylum Ascomycetes (such as morels).

According to the statistics of Mao Xiaolan (1988), there are about 657 species of edible fungi known in China, which belong to 41 families and 132 genera, including 620 species of basidiomycetes (accounting for 39 species of ascomycetes. In 2000, there were 938 species of edible fungi in China, and more than 50 species were cultivated artificially.

Development status of edible fungi:

In recent decades, people have gradually understood the growth law of edible fungi and improved the ancient production method that relied on the natural spread of spores and hyphae. Artificially cultivating the mycelium of cultivated varieties accelerates the reproduction rate of edible fungi and the possibility of obtaining high yields. Some countries have also built factories with an annual output of more than 1,000 tons of fresh mushrooms.

In 1950, the technology of growing mushrooms in the home for both ornamental and food purposes and the production of food additives by fermentation of mycelium liquids was also developed. China's widely cultivated edible mushrooms have mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, straw mushrooms, fungus, white fungus, oyster mushrooms, slippery mushrooms and other 7 categories, the total output in 1982 was about 150,000 tons, on the basis of mastering the breeding of excellent varieties, improving seed production and cultivation technology, the development speed of edible mushrooms is rapidly improving. Scientists predict that edible mushrooms will develop into one of the main protein foods for humans in the 21st century.

There are about 2,000 species of edible mushrooms (including medicinal mushrooms) known in the world. At present, there are more than 200 kinds of edible mushrooms that have been cultivated artificially or experimentally, including shiitake mushrooms, slippery mushrooms, yellow umbrellas, oyster mushrooms, red oyster mushrooms, elm mushrooms, shimeji mushrooms, Xiuzhen mushrooms, abalone mushrooms, yuan mushrooms, anchovy mushrooms, eryngii mushrooms, white spirit mushrooms, black fungus, hairy fungus, golden fungus, white fungus, elm fungus, locust fungus, Cordyceps militaris, Zhu Ling, Poria cocos, Bamboo sun, Lion's mane mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, Turkey tail, honey ring mushroom (hazelnut mushroom), false honey ring mushroom, enoki mushroom, Brazil mushroom, real Shimeji mushroom, large bulbous mushroom, Maitake mushroom, poplar mushroom, tea mushroom, golden blessing mushroom, hairy ghost umbrella (chicken leg mushroom), bisporus mushroom, tetrasporus mushroom, large fat mushroom, straw mushroom, silver silk grass mushroom, large globular mushroom, grass mushroom, long root mushroom, tiger milk mushroom, beef tongue mushroom, mulberry yellow, schizophyllum fungus, sulfur mushroom, hydrangea, bamboo yellow, etc. There are also rare edible mushrooms such as matsutake mushrooms, morels, cordyceps, delicious porcini mushrooms, truffle mushrooms, and rivet mushrooms that are being studied semi-artificially.

The way of edible fungi to absorb nutrients is divided into four categories: saprophytic, symbiotic, parasitic and facultative parasitism, and most of the edible fungi that can be cultivated artificially at present are saprophytic, called saprophytic bacteria. The nutrients they need are obtained from dead or decaying organisms and their products, and saprophytes are divided into two categories: wood rot and grass rot. Edible fungi that grow on dead trees, dead branches and other woods are called wood-rotting fungi, such as oyster mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms, enoki mushrooms, slippery mushrooms, fungus, monkey's head, etc.; Edible mushrooms that grow on manure and grass such as firewood and manure are called grass rot fungi, such as straw mushrooms and bisporus mushrooms.

Wood rot fungi should be cultivated with sawdust or segmented wood as the main raw material; Grass rot is mainly dung grass. There are differences between the two in the decomposition and utilization of cellulose and lignin, which lays a foundation for the selection of cultivation raw materials and variety matching from the nutritional type of edible fungi. Hope to adopt

Low temperature type: the maximum temperature of fruiting body differentiation is below 24, and the optimal temperature is below 20. Such as shiitake mushrooms, enoki mushrooms, bisporus mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, morels and lion's head. Fungi that occur in late autumn and early spring.

Medium-temperature type: the maximum temperature of fruiting body differentiation is below 28, and the optimal temperature is 22 24, such as fungus, white fungus, fatty scale umbrella, large fat mushroom, purple mushroom and various porcini mushrooms.

High-temperature type: the maximum temperature of fruiting body differentiation is above 30, and the optimal temperature is above 24. Such as straw mushroom, small bract mushroom, long root mushroom, high-temperature bisporus mushroom, high-temperature oyster mushroom, etc.

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Common edible mushrooms are: shiitake mushroom, fungus, straw mushroom, king oyster mushroom, lion's mane mushroom, etc.

Shiitake mushrooms

Shiitake mushroom is one of the specialties of our country, and is known as "mountain treasure" in the folk. It is a fungus that grows on wood. Delicious and nutritious. It is a high-protein, low-fat nutritional health food.

Fungus

The fungus can be both wild and artificially cultivated, it is black-brown, soft in texture, thin and elastic, translucent when wet, and shrinks into brittle and hard keratin similar to leathery when dry. Delicious and nutritious.

Straw mushrooms

Straw mushrooms in China are mainly distributed in South China. Straw mushroom is rich in nutrition, delicious in taste, fat, thick in meat, short in handle, smooth, and extremely beautiful in taste, so it is called "orchid mushroom" and "delicious foot mushroom". Straw mushrooms get their name from the fact that they often grow in moist and rotting straws.

Pleurotus eryngii

Pleurotus eryngii is a new variety of rare edible mushrooms that has been successfully developed and cultivated in recent years. Pleurotus eryngii is highly nutritious and rich in protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals such as calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc.

Lion's mane mushroom

Lion's mane mushroom, also known as lion's mane mushroom, is named only because of its resemblance to a monkey's head. The meat of lion's mane mushroom is tender, fragrant, delicious and delicious. It is one of the four famous dishes (monkey's head, bear's paw, bird's nest, shark's fin). It is known as "mountain treasure monkey head, seafood shark fin".

There are 7 kinds of edible mushrooms, mushrooms, straw mushrooms, fungus, white fungus, oyster mushrooms, slippery mushrooms, etc., there are more than 350 kinds of edible mushrooms known in China, most of which belong to the basidiomycete subphylum, and the common edible mushroom species are: shiitake, straw mushroom, mushroom, fungus, white fungus, monkey's head, bamboo sun, matsukou mushroom (matsutake mushroom), mouth mushroom, red mushroom and porcini mushroom, etc.; A few belong to the subphylum Ascomycetes, among them: morels, saddle mushrooms, truffles, etc.

The above-mentioned fungi grow in different regions and different ecological environments.