Which dynasty is the origin of regular script and cursive script

Regular script originated in the Wei and Jin dynasties, developed separately during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, began to integrate in the Sui Dynasty, and began to mature after entering the Tang Dynasty and many regular script artists appeared.

The inventor of italics - Zhong Xuan.

There are two theories about the origin of Xingshu:

1. According to Zhang Huai's "Book Break": "The person who walks the book is made by Liu Desheng of Yingchuan in the Later Han Dynasty, that is, the small falsification of the main book, and it must be simple, so it is called the book of travel." From what is said, it is known that "Xingshu" is transformed from "Zhengshu".

2. According to Wang Shengqian's "Ancient Neng Shu Names" cloud: "Zhong Xuanshu has three bodies: one is the book of inscriptions, and the most wonderful one; Second, he said that he was a secretary and a teacher of primary school; The three are called the book, and those who hear each other are also.

Hedong Wei Kaizi, Zhang Zhi method, Kai method ginseng, more draft. The draft is a book of acquaintances. "From the fact that the book of knowledge and the book of the line is also known as the book of the line of charge, it was originally developed from the sign of the painting company.

Those who hear about each other refer to the pen and letters.

The time of the appearance of the Xingshu is about the same as that of the eight-point regular script, and its form is also very close to that of the eight-point regular script and later official scripts. This is equivalent to conjuring (chapter) cursive script from the official script - deriving other branches from the "orthographic characters". In addition to the official book, the "orthographic character" of the Huan Ling Dynasty is followed by the "eight-point Kai method", so people think that Xingshu is another branch of the "eight-point Kai method".

In fact, it is also the same as other calligraphy, the original founder or the general mass writers, as long as the eight points of writing with other calligraphy flow away and go to its subordinate waves, it becomes a line of calligraphy, in the late Han Dynasty generally unearthed in the simple books we can see everywhere. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Xingshu was not universally used. It was not until the emergence of Wang Xizhi of the Jin Dynasty that it became popular.

Xingshu came into the hands of Wang Xi, combining its practicality and artistry perfectly. As a result, he founded the art of calligraphy in the southern school, which has been illuminated for thousands of years, and has become the most influential one in the history of calligraphy.

Cursive writing as it is used today. Commonly known as cursive. Legend has it that it was founded by Zhang Zhi (Bo Ying) of the Later Han Dynasty.

All originated in the Han Dynasty, but the maturity is not in the Han Dynasty!

The Xingshu that appeared in the early days were not like the Xingshu in the later mature period. During the period from the end of the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was the transition stage from the official style to the regular style, the cursive, and the line of calligraphy, so the line of writing also had this characteristic. For example, in the 31st year of Jianwu (55 AD) and the 11th year of Yongping (68 AD) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Jianjian (Fig. 40), in the second year of Yonghe (137 A.D.) (Fig. 41), and in the Jin Renshu Li Baiti (Fig. 42).

These works can be said to be the early folk calligraphy, and on this basis, only after the Eastern Jin Dynasty can Wang Xizhi and other mature calligraphy works appear.

Xingshu Study Guide (**): The Origin of Xingshu and the Evolution of Xingshu.

In the early days, this kind of calligraphy, the knot and penmanship have the meaning of transition, and the style is clumsy, and the writing method has the characteristics of simple knots and chapter grass. However, it may not be appropriate to say that Xingshu evolved on the basis of regular script. From the perspective of the development of the line of calligraphy, the regular script and the line script are different ways of writing that have transformed from the official body at the same time, and they affect each other in the early stage of the development process, and the line of the script matures faster than the regular script, and the cursive chapter grass becomes the grass faster than the regular script.

From Zhangcao to Jincao, it was about the end of the Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms, and the Western Jin Dynasty that it had matured, and only after the Eastern Jin Dynasty did it produce highly mature and artistic cursive scripts. So, how does this phenomenon come about? In the transition from official script to regular script, although regular script is more convenient than official writing, the wave pen is removed, and there is no silkworm head swallowtail, but it is still necessary to write stroke by stroke; And the line of cursive writing is casual, subtract the painting and even the pen, and have an artistic temperament, save time and effort, regardless of the practical needs of the folk or the artistic creation of the calligrapher love to write, so the line of cursive than the regular script developed faster, mature early is not difficult to understand.

According to the book, Wang Xianzhi once suggested to his father Wang Xizhi: "The ancient chapter grass is not grandiose, and now it is poor and hypocritical, and the grass is extremely longitudinal. That is to say, the chapter grass is not easy to use, it is better to use the principle of simple structure, absorb the indulgent writing of today's cursive script, and create a kind of calligraphy between the lines of grass.

This kind of calligraphy is actually cursive writing, which shows that the cursive calligraphy style has only been further developed since the Eastern Jin Dynasty. This kind of calligraphy is more fluent and elegant, further getting rid of the influence of official scripts and chapter grass, and becoming a new line of cursive writing that has no ancient method before, so that the calligraphy of the Eastern Jin Dynasty has a peak, and it has become a model for future generations to learn.

Xingshu is a font between regular script and cursive script, which can be said to be the cursive or cursive script of regular script. Xingshu germinated in the Han Dynasty and the Wei and Jin dynasties, and produced a highly exemplary style of calligraphy represented by the "two kings" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

"The most glorious period of the development of Xingshu was the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Tang Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty. Xingshu is a type of calligraphy between regular script and cursive script, which appeared around the late Western Han Dynasty and the early Eastern Han Dynasty. The name of the book was first seen in the article "Four-Body Calligraphy" by Wei Heng of the Western Jin Dynasty:

At the beginning of the Wei Dynasty, there were Zhong (繇) and Hu (Zhao) two families for calligraphy, both of whom learned from Liu Desheng. ”

Regular script, also known as the real book, is one of the five types of Chinese calligraphy, according to the dynasty he includes Wei stele and Tang Kai, according to the size can be divided into large Kai, medium Kai and small Kai. Because the regular script is regular and suitable as a model for beginners, it is called regular script.

Regular script is a kind of calligraphy developed and evolved from official script, which was originally formed in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and according to historical records, the earliest regular script was created by Wang Cizhong.

The famous calligraphy theorist Zhang Huaijun said in his book "Shu Xuan": At the beginning of the second middle school, the ancient book was wide and less wavelike, and at the beginning of the construction of the middle school, the law was used as a model, and the word was eight points, and there was a model for words. It can also be seen from this sentence that Wang Cizhong was a person from the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Judging from the handwriting we see now, the earliest regular script is known as the ancestor of regular script, Zhong Xuan's regular script, Zhong Xuan's character is long, a native of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period, good calligraphy, especially regular script.

His most famous masterpieces are the works known as the "Five Tables", such as "Force Table", "He Jie Table", "Declaration Table", "Adjustment Yuan Table", and "Recommended Season Straight Table". Although the authentic work has long been lost, we can still get a glimpse of the style of "the ancestor of regular script" from the existing Song Tuo.

Although China's regular script has sprouted in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the emergence of the real literati regular script was still in the Wei and Jin dynasties.

And the most famous of them is Zhong Xuan, he is a very diligent and studious calligrapher, said that he is diligent because he has reached a state of obsession with learning calligraphy, drawing on the quilt when sleeping, drawing on the ground when chatting with people, and every time he goes to the toilet, he can't get out for a long time, because he practices calligraphy in the toilet.

said that he was studious because he once sent someone to steal Wei Dan's tomb for a calligraphy secret book, Zhong Xuan's "Brushwork". He was good at thinking and working hard in calligraphy, and finally summed up and created the regular script we use now, which will go down in history.

After Zhong Xiang created the regular script, Wang Xizhi transformed it again, and removed all the strokes of the official script in Zhong Xuan's regular script, which was the complete maturity of the regular script. In the Tang Dynasty, regular script reached its heyday, and many regular script masters appeared, such as Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Ouyang Xun, Yu Shinan, Chu Suiliang and so on.

In short, the regular script evolved from the official script, and matured through the transformation of Zhong Xuan and Wang Xizhi until the Tang Dynasty reached its heyday.

Regular script has two meanings: one refers to the law book that has a law and can be used as a model. Tang Zhanghuai's "Book Break: I" cloud:

Eight points) is called the regular script, Kai, the law also, the formula also, the model also. Confucius said, "The present world is in the future generations, and it is a regular style." In this way, all books with the law can be called "regular scripts."

Qing Liu Xizai's "Art Overview, Book Overview" cloud: "There is no fixed name, not only the book deserves." Han Beihai respects Wang Mushan history book, the world thinks it is Kai, it is a big seal, and it can be described as Kai.

Wei Heng's "Book Potential" cloud 'Wang Cizhong's first method' is eight points of Kai. Again, "Bo Ying's pen must be Kai" is grass for Kai. Now, we are not talking about "regular script" in this sense, but about its other meaning, that is, as one of the important fonts of Chinese characters, also known as "zhenshu", "zhengshu" or "jinli".

It was produced at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and was the result of the combination of Han Li knots and chapter grass brushwork. That is, to maintain the Han Li's knot province to change its waves, increase the hook of the chapter grass, become. In the Three Kingdoms period, Zhong Xuan's "Articles of Association" was this font.

From Wei to Jin, after Wang Xizhi and other calligraphers changed their posture in writing practice, established the law, and then completely separated from Lishu into two fonts. Ming Zhangshen's "General Interpretation of Calligraphy" said: "There is no real book in ancient times, and later generations call it a true book."

The regular script, the cover is the official book. But since Zhong Xuan, the two kings have been varied, and the world calls them true books. ”

The establishment of the name of regular script really needs to be explored. Someone proposed: "'Zhengshu', also known as 'true book', was called 'regular script' in Liu Youding and Zheng Bi in the Yuan Dynasty.

This is really too late to say that the name of the regular script has been determined. The article also said: "Because the 'Zhengshu' was originally called 'Lishu', the 'Zhengshu' was still called 'Lishu' when it was blazing at the end of the Han Dynasty, and it was called until the Song Dynasty."

And Mr. Xu Bangda's "Five-Body Book.

During the Wei and Jin dynasties, there was regular script. "Kai" means rules and models. The regular script has a square shape and a regular and straight stroke, which is more convenient to write and read than the official script. After entering the Northern and Southern Dynasties, regular script became the dominant font and has been in use to this day.

Regular script is also known as the main book, or the true book. Its characteristics are: the shape is square, the strokes are straight, and it can be used as a model, hence the name.

It began in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are many famous artists in regular script, such as "European Style" (Ouyang Xun), "Yu Style" (Yu Shinan), "Yan Style" (Yan Zhenqing), "Liu Style" (Liu Gongquan), "Zhao Style" (Zhao Mengfu) and so on.

Regular script flourished in the late Han Dynasty, and the sixth edition of modern Chinese is 144 pages.

Why did calligraphy in the Tang Dynasty like regular script, and how did it develop and establish the atmosphere of the temple?

First of all, we must start with the law of the development of writing and calligraphy itself.

At the beginning of the birth of writing, the pictographs carved by the ancestors on the bones and carapace were called "oracle bone inscriptions", because they were carved with hard materials, so the strokes and lines looked thin and sharp, but they appeared abstract and full of primitive wildness.

In terms of font structure, regular script is similar to official script, but regular script has changed the way of writing the strokes of official script, and changed from a flat official script to a regular script that basically presents a square shape, that is, the so-called square character. Regular script is also known as the main book and the real book, which shows that the regular script is a formal book style that provides people to learn and use. The earliest regular script calligrapher was Zhong Xuan at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and from the works that have been handed down, there are still some remnants of the brushwork of Lishu.

The regular script has undergone a lot of changes in the period of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it was basically finalized after the Sui and Tang dynasties, and the regular script after the finalization, the strokes and structure are quite delicate and rigorous, such as the work of the famous calligrapher Ouyang Xun in the Tang Dynasty is one of the models.

After the Chinese character enters the regular script stage, the glyph continues to be simplified, but the font has not changed much, as one of the four major inventions of our country's printing technology, is to use the regular script as the main font for printing, in the Song Dynasty engraved books, the regular script is artistic, written more regular and beautiful, called Song Ti characters, and later there are imitation of Song Ti characters and change, called imitation Song Ti. The fonts used in the books and newspapers we read today are roughly variations of this style of regular script.

Regular script was formed in the late Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin dynasties, and flourished in the Sui and Tang dynasties. It absorbs the advantages of the symmetry and clarity of the structure of the official calligraphy, and changes the "twists and turns" of the strokes of the official script to "straight", and the flattening of the shape of the official script is changed to square, which is more convenient to write and has been used to this day. According to historical records, the earliest regular script was created by Wang Cizhong, matured after the transformation of Zhong Xuan and Wang Xizhi, and reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty.

The production of regular script is closely related to the rules and laws of the Han Dynasty, and pursues the further development of physical beauty.

1. The origin of regular script.

The regular script gradually evolved from the Han Dynasty, began in the late Han Dynasty, and was popular in China's feudal society, from the Northern and Southern Wei Dynasty to the Jin and Tang dynasties, and can be divided into Wei Tablet and Tang Kai according to the period.

1. Wei stele is a kind of transition from the official script to the regular script, which often has the writing style of the official script of the Han Dynasty, the nature of the regular script is not mature, so it has caused a scene of a hundred flowers blooming, forming a unique beauty, Zhong Zhishuai said that the Wei stele "can peep into the old style of the Han and Qin dynasties, and can observe the customs of the Sui and Tang dynasties", and the Wei stele had a huge impact on the formation of the later Sui and Tang Kai calligraphy.

2, Tang Kai was formed in the Tang Dynasty, set the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the north and south dynasties as a whole, the font is serious and dignified, the strokes are stable and dignified, the structure is rigorous, the law is strict, it is one of the landmark achievements of the Tang Dynasty, the regular script in the Tang Dynasty before the law of Jane gradually complete, into a full maturity period, after the formation of Tang Kai, it has become the best model for calligraphy learners as calligraphy skills training.

2. Classification of regular script.

According to the font size, it is divided into large and small letters.

1. Block letters. It is more than 5 centimeters of font, Heng regret quietly under normal circumstances, people will be a few inches below, more than an inch square of the real book are called the big letters, the larger real books are called "the book", "the list of books", according to the experience accumulated by the calligraphers of the past dynasties, learning calligraphy should start from the big block, master the structure of the big block, dot painting, cloth white, so that the structure is sparse and dense, the dot painting is accurate and precise, and then retreat to write the small block.

2. Xiaokai. It is a font of 1-3 cm, founded in the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty Zhong Xuan, write a small Kai to make it more than enough, to do the big characters like Shulang, the pen to be beautiful, round, straight, neat, do not have to use the reverse front when the pen, should use the sharp edge, when the pen should be used to pause the pen or lift the pen, it is recommended to learn the small Kai on the basis of learning the big Kai, to be able to do the knot wide open, the rules of dot painting are clear.