Introduction to Traumatic Brain Injury, What is Traumatic Brain Injury?

Traumatic brain injury is a visible injury to the brain caused by a foreign object, which can usually cause serious consequences. Traumatic brain injuries often cause varying degrees of permanent dysfunction. It depends on whether the damage is in a specific area of brain tissue (focal) or widespread (diffuse).

Brain damage in different areas can cause different symptoms, and focal symptoms include motor, sensory, speech, visual, and auditory abnormalities. Diffuse brain damage, on the other hand, often interferes with memory, sleep, or causes confusion and coma.

Traumatic brain injury, also known as head trauma, is a common type of injury that occurs in the skull, with fall injuries and collisions being the most common, followed by injuries. It often occurs in disasters, wars, or traffic accidents. It plays an important role in trauma throughout the body.

Traumatic brain injuries can be divided into three categories: soft tissue (scalp) injuries, skull injuries (fractures), and intracranial tissue (cerebrovascular and meningeal) injuries, but these three types of injuries often occur together. Open head injury refers to trauma in which brain tissue communicates with the outside world through a wound, and can affect parts of the skull and vary in severity. Brain damage is decisive for prognosis.

Due to the special physiological function of brain tissue, the mortality rate of head trauma is the highest among other parts of the body. Therefore, it is of great significance to the rescue and rescue of head injuries in wartime or peacetime.

Traumatic brain injury, also known as head injury, is a neurological dysfunction or pathological change caused by mechanical external force acting on the head; The incidence of traumatic brain injury in China is about 100,000 or 100,000; The most common causes in our lives are car accident injuries, fall injuries, and blow injuries; The most typical clinical manifestations of traumatic brain injury patients are impaired consciousness, symptoms of intracranial hypertension, nausea and vomiting, etc., and severe cases may include urinary and urinary incontinence, hemiplegia, epilepsy, etc.; Traumatic brain injury is more harmful to patients and has a higher mortality rate. The prognosis of traumatic brain injury varies according to the severity of the injury, and the probability of sequelae of severe traumatic brain injury is higher.

Overview**Symptoms**Doctor**Prognosis Daily.

Can lead to cerebral edema, resulting in increased intracranial pressure.

Increased intracranial pressure, displacement of brain tissue, and even the formation of brain herniation.

Brain injuries are common in both peacetime and wartime.

High disability and mortality rates.

What is Head Trauma?

Trauma to the head refers to trauma to the skull, with falls and bruises being the most common, followed by injuries, and often occurring in disasters, wars, or traffic accidents.

What is the incidence of head trauma in the population?

Brain trauma is one of the common emergencies in the field of neurosurgery, especially severe head trauma, with a mortality rate of about 30% to 50%; Even if they survive, almost all people with severe head trauma are left with permanent disability.

In China, the incidence of head trauma and the rate of death and disability are increasing year by year. According to statistics, the annual incidence of head trauma in China is 55,641,000, resulting in nearly 100,000 deaths every year, which can have a devastating impact on the lives of patients and their families.

What are the types of head trauma?

Press head injury.

Mode typing. There are generally two ways in which external violence can cause head injury:

One is an injury caused by the direct action of violence, which is called a direct injury;

The other is indirect injuries caused by violence acting on other parts of the body and then transmitting to the head.

Direct injury. Accelerated injury: An injury caused by a sudden blow to the head at rest and an accelerated movement of the head along the action of the external force is called an accelerated injury, such as a blunt force injury. The injuries caused by this method occur at the site of force, known as coup injury.

Deceleration injury: An injury caused by a sudden collision of a moving head with a stationary injury is called a deceleration injury, such as when the head hits the ground during a fall or fall. The injuries caused by this method occur not only at the site of force, but also often on the opposite side of the site, i.e., contrecoup injury.

Crush injury: The injury caused by the severe deformation of the skull caused by two external forces acting on the head in two different directions at the same time is called crush injury, such as wheel crush injury and neonatal birth injury.

Indirect injuries. When the feet or buttocks hit the ground during the fall, the external force is transmitted through the spine to the base of the skull, causing a fracture of the base of the skull.

and brain damage. When the external force acts on the trunk and causes the trunk to accelerate suddenly, the movement of the head lags behind the trunk due to inertia, so a strong hyperextension or hyperflexion occurs, or first stretches and then jumps back to hyperflexion, like a whiplash-like action, resulting in damage to the junction between the craniocervical junction and the spinal cord, that is, whiplash injury.

When the chest is suddenly compressed, the pressure of the chest cava is transmitted retrogradely, causing the upper chest, shoulder and neck, head and face**, mucous membrane and brain tissue to which the vein belongs to diffuse punctate as traumatic asphyxia.

traumatic apnea）

Traumatic brain injury refers to head injury caused by external force, and the inducing factors of traumatic brain injury include violent hits, car accidents, falls, etc.; Normally, traumatic brain injuries can be divided into closed and open injuries; Closed traumatic brain injury refers to the brain caused by a fall or violent blow, and the degree is the mildest; Open traumatic brain injury is a serious type of brain injury, such as a dehiscence of the scalp, a comminuted fracture of the skull, or a depressed fracture. Traumatic brain injury is more harmful to patients, the mortality rate is higher, the commonly used methods are drugs, surgery, etc., the prognosis of traumatic brain injury varies according to the severity of the injury, and severe traumatic brain injury has a higher chance of showing sequelae.

After a brain injury, it can be simply divided into the following types:

1. When the patient has acute brain trauma, he needs to undergo surgery**, and the patients with trauma surgery** include acute epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, etc.;

2. Patients who have undergone surgery** and other patients who do not need to undergo surgery need to be admitted to the ICU for monitoring**, and a comprehensive ** is required, including intracranial pressure regulation, perfusion pressure regulation, cardiac function, lung function, venous thrombosis prevention of lower limbs, antibiotic application, etc.**;

3. After the patient's condition is relatively stable, it is necessary to carry out the later stage, and the patient needs to combine hyperbaric oxygen or acupuncture and other comprehensive measures.

Neurosurgery is mainly focused on controlling intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure. The intracranial pressure drops to the normal range to ensure that the patient has sufficient cerebral perfusion pressure and that the patient's brain tissue can be in a normal blood supply state.

Objective: To correct hypovolemia and maintain acid-base balance.

Commonly used drugs: red blood cells, plasma, sodium bicarbonate solution, normal saline, 5% glucose solution, etc.

Traumatic brain injury is currently thought to be related to direct violent injury and indirect violent injury, and traumatic injury usually leaves varying degrees of neurological impairment, which is more likely to occur in people after head injury.

1. Direct violent injuries: a series of symptoms and signs that occur due to direct violence on the head, such as assault injuries, traffic accident injuries, fall injuries, etc.

2. Indirect violent injuries: whiplash injuries, transitive injuries, etc. Violence is indirectly transmitted to the disease.

There are many causes of traumatic brain injury, such as car accidents, falling objects, falls, and hitting with hard objects.

The violence that causes these brain injuries is divided into direct violence and indirect violence. Direct violence refers to the direct action of violent factors on the patient's scalp and skull, resulting in a fracture of the skull, or a temporary depression of the skull, and then causing damage to the brain tissue on the medial side of the skull, including cerebral contusion and brain **.

Indirect violent injury, on the other hand, is when violence is applied to one side of the skull and then causes damage to the brain tissue on the other side. Most of the time it is due to the violence of the temporal or occipital region, which causes a cerebral contusion on the other side of the frontal or underside of the temporal lobe, which may be related to the friction of brain tissue against the uneven bony surface of the skull base.

Since it is a traumatic injury, it can be formed by a variety of causes, such as blows, impacts, etc. Trace monitoring is required for specific analysis.

Problem analysis: Traumatic brain injury sequelae are a group of autonomic dysfunction or psychiatric symptoms that persist for a long time after the recovery period of patients with traumatic brain injury. These include headaches, dizziness, insomnia, fatigue, memory impairment, nervousness, etc.

Suggestions: The main cause of sequelae of traumatic brain injury is caused by traumatic brain injury, including organic traumatic brain injury syndrome (neurological) and functional traumatic brain injury syndrome (psychological). **Mainly symptomatic**, nutrition-activated brain cells, traditional Chinese medicine**.