The characteristics of private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River in the configuration of flo

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Jiangnan Gardens and Northern Gardens are two different styles of Chinese garden art, and their basic characteristics and tourism functions are somewhat different.

First, the basic features:

1.Service object: Jiangnan garden belongs to private garden, and the owner of the garden has different requirements for the garden; And the Northern Imperial Garden was for the feudal emperors.

2.Scale and external environment: Jiangnan gardens are mostly built in the market, the scale is small, and most of them are located in the natural scenery of mountains and lakes and lakes; The northern garden environment is wide and open, and the landscape attractions in the park take the outward scattered layout or the layout of the combination of inside and outside, and the scenic spots themselves have a good viewing field and can borrow from each other extensively.

3.Climatic conditions: The climate of Jiangnan is warm and humid, which makes the architecture, plants, water system and other aspects of Jiangnan gardens have obvious regional characteristics; The climate in the north is cold and dry, which makes the northern garden unique in terms of architecture, plants, water systems, etc.

Second, the tourism function:

1.Plane pattern: Jiangnan garden in the spatial layout often inward-looking layout in the limited space to construct the landscape, so that it follows the shape, twists and turns and eclectic, and the garden in the stacked mountains and ponds, flowers and trees bridge corridor cleverly combined, small in the big, to achieve the realm of "although there are people, just like the sky"; The northern garden adopts an outward-looking scattered layout or a combination of interior and exterior layout, and the scenic spots themselves have a good viewing field and can borrow from each other.

2.Architectural form: The architecture of Jiangnan Garden is lightweight, slender and delicate from the appearance modeling, façade form to detailed decoration, which not only meets the needs of life and residence, but also serves as a place for emotional generation and continuation; The northern garden regards architecture as the main body of "scenery", pursues the idea of architectural form beauty, and also serves as an important means to show the royal style.

3.Spatial scale: The garden space in the south of the Yangtze River is open and transparent, interspersed with each other inside and outside, and the scenery is set in the scene, and the level changes are very rich; The northern gardens are more closed, with a clear boundary between the inner and outer spaces.

4.Architectural color: Jiangnan garden is elegant and simple, almost all architectural colors are composed of white powder walls, blue gray tiles, dark brown or dark green wooden decoration, which is in sharp contrast with the north; The northern garden architecture is rich and magnificent, bright and eye-catching.

In general, the Jiangnan garden and the northern garden have their own characteristics, reflecting the delicacy of the south and the grandeur of the north respectively. When admiring the Jiangnan garden, you will feel the beauty of the shape, twists and turns, as if people are swimming in the painting; In the northern garden, you will feel the solemn, majestic and magnificent momentum, as if you are appreciating a northern landscape painting.

The northern gardens are gorgeous, and the southern gardens are elegant. The north is high-pitched, and the south is graceful. There is little water in the north, there is a lack of natural conditions, and the royal gardens have the air of wealth and nobility, and vulgarity is inevitable.

The southern gardens are elegant and plain, and they are bookish, but they are inevitably shabby and shabby. The northern gardens are like Peking Opera, and the southern gardens are such as Kunqu Opera, and Peking Opera is greatly influenced by Kunqu Opera, and famous Peking Opera actors have worked Kunqu Opera.

Different. The difference between the northern royal gardens and the private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River is mainly manifested in the difference in style. There are three main objective reasons for the difference in style:

1) Different service objects: the northern royal garden is for the feudal emperor, while the Jiangnan garden is a private garden, the owner of the garden is different, and their requirements are different; (2) The scale and external environment are different: the northern royal garden is large in scale and covers a wide area, mostly in the natural scenery of the mountains and lakes, while the private garden in the south of the Yangtze River is small in scale and mostly in the market; (3) Different climatic conditions:

The climate in the north is cold and dry, while the south of the Yangtze River is warmer and wetter.

Jiangnan is represented by Suzhou gardens, the gardens are generally rich officials in ancient times, or merchants lived, generally more depicting the artistic conception, pay attention to a scene, the northern gardens are more elegant, magnificent, royal spirit.

1.Most of them were built by scholars and nobles, the scale is relatively small, but the layout is exquisite.

2.The layout of the landscape and architecture is not confined to a symmetrical stereotype, and is flexible and diverse3A poetic and picturesque literati atmosphere.

4.The color of the building is plain, with black and white as the main color.

Representative elements: Plants are mainly evergreen broad-leaved trees such as camphor, bamboo, cinnamon, etc., as well as wild trees such as willow, peach, begonia, etc. In the landscape, pavilions and corridors are mostly used, and bridges and stones are used more. It is consistent with the unique style of Jiangnan Water Town, and is integrated into one.

1. Most of them were built by scholars and nobles, the scale is relatively small, but the layout is exquisite.

2. The layout of landscape and architecture is not confined to symmetrical stereotypes, and is flexible and diverse.

3. Poetic and picturesque literati atmosphere.

4. The color of the building is plain and elegant, with black and white as the main color next to the lead.

Representative elements of private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River: The plants are mainly evergreen broad-leaved trees such as camphor, bamboo, cinnamon, etc., as well as acacia oak and wild trees such as willow, peach, begonia, etc. In the landscape, pavilions and corridors are mostly used, and bridges and stones are used more.

It is consistent with the unique style of Jiangnan Water Town, and is integrated into one.

The private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River are represented by the gardens of Suzhou, Yangzhou, Wuxi, Zhenjiang, Hangzhou and other places. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, most of the Jiangnan gardens took buildings as the main body of the garden scenery, carved beams and painted buildings, pink walls and tiles, and were finely carved.

The Gangnam area was the economic center of the country at that time, so the gardens in the Gangnam area ranked first in the country in terms of quantity and quality. Most of the gardens are concentrated in the south because the southern region has many natural, economic, and cultural conditions for gardening.

Characteristics of the southern garden: stacked stone and water. The south is mostly surrounded by mountains and rivers, and the waterscape is good at, and the water and stones reflect each other, constituting the main scenery of the garden.

Taihu Lake produces strange stones, exquisitely colorful, planted in the garden, can be enjoyed. Song Huizong camp Genyue, set up a flower stone gang for carrying Taihu Lake stone peaks, scattered relics still have survivors, such as Shanghai Yu Garden Jade Linglong, Hangzhou Botanical Garden Crepe Cloud Peak, Suzhou Ruiyun Peak. And the development of stacked stones for the mountain, in addition to the Taihu Lake stone, and with Huangshi, Xuanshi and so on.

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were many famous masters of stacked stones, such as Zhou Bingzhong, Ji Cheng, Zhang Nanyuan, Shi Tao, Ge Yuliang, etc., who were active in the Jiangnan region and made great contributions to garden art. Today's survivor, Yangzhou piece of stone mountain house rockery, Shi Tao hand. Ge Yuliang's stacked mountains, represented by the rockery of Suzhou Huanxiu Villa, are still intact today.

Changshu Yanyuan Huangshi Lake rockery has been repaired and lost its old view. There are many kinds of flowers and trees, and the layout is lawful.

The southern climate soil is suitable for the growth of flowers and trees. The Suzhou garden can be called a collection of plants, and there are many exotic flowers and rare trees, such as the camellia in the Humble Administrator's Garden and the Ming painter Wen Zhengming's hand-planted vines. Yangzhou has always been famous for its dwarf flowers.

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Yangzhou peony was the best in the world, and new kinds of strange products emerged one after another, known as Huarui. Jiangnan gardens are blessed with unique gardens and carefully cultivated by gardeners, so there are flowers in all seasons.

The southern gardens are mostly characterized by elegant and simple architectural styles. The southern garden follows the track of the literati garden, and is elegant and elegant. The layout is free, the building is simple, the hall is arranged as appropriate, the structure is not formal, the pavilion and the corridor sill, like turning in the meantime, it is anti-symmetrical of palaces, temples and residences, and is known for being fresh and free.

This style of literati garden was later adopted by government offices, temples, guild halls, gardens attached to academies, and even royal gardens. Song Huizong's Genyue and Yuanzhong buildings are all imitations of white houses in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and they are not colorful. In the early Qing Dynasty, the Three Mountains and Five Gardens in Beijing (see Yuanmingyuan) and the summer resort in Rehe were built to imitate the artistic conception of Jiangnan gardens.

For example, the Harmony Garden of Qingyi Garden imitates Jichang Garden, and the Siyi Book House of Yuanmingyuan imitates Haining Anlan Garden; The small gold mountain and the smoke and rain building of the summer resort are all based on the garden architecture of the south of the Yangtze River.

These are enough to show that the Jiangnan garden, which is characterized by the poetic and picturesque literati garden, has become the mainstream of Chinese gardens after the Song Dynasty.

Humble Administrator's Garden - a typical representative of Jiangnan gardens.

The gardens in the south of the Yangtze River are well preserved in the Suzhou area, such as the Suzhou Lingering Garden and the Humble Administrator's Garden, the Wuxi Jichang Garden, the Shanghai Yu Garden, the Nanxiang Ming Min Garden (renamed the Guyi Garden in the Qing Dynasty), the Jiading Ming Gong Garden (the Qing Dynasty is the Qiuxia Garden), and the Kunshan Mingchun Jade Garden (the Qing Dynasty is the Semi-Cocoon Garden) are all built in the Ming Dynasty, and the scale is still there; There are also a considerable number of gardens left in Yangzhou to this day, such as Xu Garden, Geyuan, He Garden, Slender West Lake, etc.

Jiangnan gardens have three distinctive features:

First, stacking stones and water. The water town in the south of the Yangtze River is good at waterscapes, and the water and stones reflect each other, constituting the main scenery of the garden.

Second, there are many kinds of flowers and trees, and the layout is lawful. The climate and soil in the south of the Yangtze River are suitable for the growth of flowers and trees.

Third, the architectural style is elegant and simple. The Jiangnan garden follows the track of the literati garden, and is elegant and elegant.

Characteristics of ancient Chinese gardens.

1) The art of gardening, "learning from nature".

"Teaching Nature" contains two layers of content in the art of gardening. First, the overall layout and combination should be natural. The relationship between mountains and water and the combination of various scene factors such as peaks, streams, slopes, and caves in rockeries should conform to the objective laws of the generation of mountains and rivers in nature.

Second, the image combination of each landscape element should conform to the laws of nature. For example, the peaks and peaks are made of many small stones stacked together, and the veins of natural rocks should be imitated when stacked, so as to minimize the traces of artificial stacking. The pond is often in the form of natural twists and turns, high and low ups and downs.

The arrangement of flowers and trees should be sparse and dense, and the form should be natural. Trees and shrubs are also intertwined, pursuing natural wild interest.

Suzhou Gardens, Suzhou's major estates, and the emperor's palace are all representative of Jiangnan gardens.

Humble Administrator's Garden - a typical representative of Jiangnan gardens.

The gardens in the south of the Yangtze River are well preserved in the Suzhou area, such as the Suzhou Lingering Garden and the Humble Administrator's Garden, the Wuxi Jichang Garden, the Shanghai Yu Garden, the Nanxiang Ming Min Garden (renamed the Guyi Garden in the Qing Dynasty), the Jiading Ming Gong Garden (the Qing Dynasty is the Qiuxia Garden), and the Kunshan Mingchun Jade Garden (the Qing Dynasty is the Semi-Cocoon Garden) are all built in the Ming Dynasty, and the scale is still there; There are also a considerable number of gardens left in Yangzhou to this day, such as Xu Garden, Geyuan, He Garden, Slender West Lake, etc.