What are the major inventions and innovations in New China?

The compass is one of the great inventions in Chinese history and a major contribution to the development of world civilization. The compass is a pointing instrument made by using the north-south polarity of a magnet in the earth's magnetic field. The picture above is the Sinan model.

This property of magnets was used by the ancients to make guide tools. The earliest guide worker was called Sinan, and it was widely used during the Warring States period. It is made of natural magnets, looks like a spoon, the center of gravity is located in the middle of the bottom, the chassis is smooth, engraved around twenty-four directions, when using the long spoon on the chassis, with the hand lightly, so that it turns, after stopping the long handle points to the south.

Wang Chong of the Eastern Han Dynasty (Lun Heng is Ying) recorded its shape and usage. (Guiguzi Plot) also talked about Zheng Guoren going to a distant place to pick jade, so he took Sinan with him, so as not to lose his way. In addition, the invention of the guide car has further elevated this instrument to a higher level.

The following pictures are the image of the compass fish and the reconstruction model of the finger bur of the love hanging type. However, Sinan, which is made of natural magnets, has a lower finished product and weaker magnetism. In the Song Dynasty, people invented artificial magnetization methods and made compass fish and compasses, which were simpler and more practical.

It is made of natural magnet friction steel needles, which maintain guide properties under the action of geomagnetism; Later, it was installed on the azimuth disk, which was called a compass. This was a big leap forward in the history of the compass. The picture below shows the nautical compass used in the Qing Dynasty.

Shen Kuo also made a detailed study of the compass placement method, summarized four different methods, and made comparisons: First, the water float method. The compass floated on the surface of the water to indicate the direction, as for the specific method, Shen Kuo did not explain.

It was not until the late Northern Song Dynasty that the pharmacologist Kou Zong's (Materia Medica's Derivation of Magnet Strips) was introduced, and it turned out that the needle could float by wearing rush grass on the compass. The disadvantage of the water float method is that the magnetic needle will sway with the water. Second, nail rotation method.

Placing a magnetic needle on a fingernail allows it to operate flexibly, but the disadvantage is that it is easy to slip off. Third, the bowl lip rotation method. Put the magnetic needle on the edge of the bowl, it can also be rotated, but it is also easy to fall.

Fourth, the suspension method. Take a new cotton silk, stick it to the magnetic needle with a little wax**, and hang it in a place where there is no wind to indicate the direction. In comparison, Shen Kuo believes that this method is the most ideal.

The figure below shows the four test recovery designs of Shen Kuo compass. The compass was already a commonly used orienteering instrument in the 11th century. The greatest contribution of the compass is to greatly promote the development of navigation.

According to research, the compass began to be used for navigation at the end of the 11th century. Around the end of the twelfth century and the beginning of the thirteenth century, the compass was introduced to Arabia by sea and then to Europe from Arabia. (Intellectual property rights mainly refer to copyrights, trademark rights, patent rights, etc.).

One of them: there are new basic theories of physics (or new basic laws of physics), published on page 171 of the 12th issue of Science and Technology Innovation Herald in 2008. This achievement, under the unpaid work of the staff, is as:

The recommended answer for the contribution of the Chinese to mankind in the past 100 years, the recommended answer for the world-class achievements since China's reform and opening up, the recommended answer for what achievements of Chinese physics, and the recommended answer for the contribution of contemporary China to world civilization. The founder of this theory is Liu Huaqiang.

Hou's alkali method for artificial synthesis of insulin Chinese hybrid rice Chinese character laser phototypesetting system.

Yuan Longping's hybrid rice.

Positron and Negative Electron Collider.

Galaxy mainframe computer.

There are Hou's alkali method (Hou Debang), synthetic insulin (Niu Jingyi), Chinese hybrid rice (Yuan Longping), Chinese laser phototypesetting system (Wang Xuan).

What are the four new inventions of contemporary China? In ancient times, there were four major inventions of papermaking, compass, gunpowder, and printing, and with the development of science and technology, China gave birth to more manufacturing and technology that attracted the attention of the world. Guess what are China's "new four great inventions" in the minds of foreigners?

Recently, the Silk Road Research Institute of Beijing University of Foreign Chinese conducted a survey on the favorite Chinese lifestyles of young people in more than 20 countries along the "Belt and Road". In the interview of foreign young people who "want to bring China back to China the most", China's "new four major inventions" were selected, namely: high-speed rail, Alipay, bicycle sharing, and online shopping.

You don't need to bring your wallet when you go out, just take your mobile phone", "Takeout and express delivery are very fast", "The high-speed rail is great", "Sometimes it is difficult to return to China", ......Become the evaluation of China by foreigners.

Alipay's official Weibo responded jokingly: "Lao Tie, I'm still quite young, how can I be "intangible cultural heritage"!" I'm happy to count me as a "Chinese specialty", haha."

Do you agree with China's "New Four Great Inventions" rated by foreigners?

Overseas Chinese said that as soon as they returned to China, they felt like apes. "Cashless society" and "high-speed rail era" have never been experienced in Western countries.

At this moment, I just want to say, feel free to come back boldly. Roadside baked cold noodles can be bought by scanning the code!

High-speed rail, Alipay, shared bicycles, online shopping.

1. Hot dry rock mining.

On September 6, 2017, Beijing time, the Geological Survey of the Ministry of Land and Resources of China officially announced in Qinghai, China: A few days ago, Chinese scientists drilled 236 high-temperature dry hot rock masses at a depth of 3,705 meters in the Gonghe Basin of Qinghai.

This is the first time that the hottest hot dry rock mass has been drilled in China, and a major breakthrough in the exploration of hot dry rock in China has been realized. This is a completely new resource born, dozens of times more efficient than coal and oil! It does not affect the environment, to put it bluntly, it is to develop the geothermal energy in the earth, and it can always be used.

2. Low-cost soil improvement in deserts.

Yi Zhijian, a professor of mechanics at Chongqing Jiaotong University, and his research team discovered and defined for the first time the existence of universal constraints between soil particles, which causes the soil to exert gentle forces"Hold on"Plant roots, maintain plant stability, and retain water, fertilizer and air. However, there is no such constraint between sand particles, and if you find the universal constraint, you will find the code for the conversion of sand to soil.

After four years of experiments, the research team has developed an environmentally friendly and efficient universal restraint introduction method to add a plant-based fiber binder to the sand. Transformed,"A plate of loose sand"You can obtain the same ecological and mechanical properties as natural soil. Yi Zhijian said that this technology can realize the reverse process of soil desertification, which is expected to turn the desert"Soilization", becoming an ideal carrier for plant growth.

3. Professor Yuan Longping presided over the cultivation of seawater and saline-alkali rice.

Seawater rice is already being planted on a trial basis, and it will be spread to the whole country in the fastest time. Academician Yuan Longping said that as long as the seawater rice reaches hundreds of millions of mu, it can feed millions more people. Therefore, seawater and saline-alkali land can really grow rice, and behind this is the silent efforts and dedication of the scientific research team.

In particular, the remarks of Professor Yuan Longping and Professor Chen Risheng that "research must be conducted in China" all reflect China's national integrity.

The "New Four Inventions" specifically refer to "high-speed rail, QR code payment, bicycle sharing and online shopping". In May 2017, young people from 20 countries along the Belt and Road selected the "Four New Inventions of China": high-speed rail, QR code payment, bicycle sharing and online shopping.

In fact, these four items were not invented by China, but they were misrepresented because they were relatively advanced in their promotion and application in China and had a great impact on foreign countries.

High-speed railOn October 1, 1964, Japan's Tokaido Shinkansen was officially opened to traffic. Operates at speeds up to 210 km/h. Therefore, the world's first real high-speed railway was invented by Japan.

This marks the dawn of a new era of high-speed rail in the world. As a pioneer of high-speed rail in the world, Japan has accumulated rich experience for other countries that have not yet developed or are in the process of developing high-speed rail, including China, and has transferred some of its technology to these countries for a fee to help them develop high-speed rail systems faster and more conveniently.

Scan the QR code to pay. The QR code payment model is based on the concept of mobile payments, and the first payments made by mobile devices took place in Finland in 1997. Finntelem has launched a service to operate jukeboxes and drink vending machines by dialing a pay** number, which allows you to buy Coca-Cola at Helsinki Airport, according to local reports. The *** of scanning was invented by the Japanese company DW in 1994.

Bike sharing. As early as 1965, the city of Amsterdam in the Netherlands put forward the "White Plan", according to which 50 bicycles were purchased and painted with white paint as markers scattered throughout the city for human use, which was the world's first unmanaged bike-sharing system, so the bike-sharing was invented by the Netherlands. In 2007, there was also a free bicycle travel in France, and it was only later that the Chinese popularity and innovative model were developed and promoted overseas.

Online shoppingOnline shopping falls under the category of e-commerce. In 1979, Englishman Mike Aldrich invented the concept of online shopping. Aldrich uses a technique called videotex to connect a regular TV to a local retailer's computer via a ** cable.

By the 90s of the 20th century, after Amazon and eBay launched their ** in 1995, e-commerce began to gain popularity worldwide.

1. Achievements in the astronomical calendar: The ancient Chinese calendar adopts the lunisolar calendar, that is, the sun's movement cycle is used as the year, the moon's cycle is used as the month, and the leap month is used to coordinate the relationship between the year and the month. According to the changes in the position of the sun in a year and the resulting evolution of the surface climate, the ancients divided the year into 24 segments and listed them in 12 months to reflect the four seasons, temperature, phenology, etc.

The Xia Dynasty calendar was the earliest cavity calendar in China, and the months were determined according to the direction of the handle of the Big Dipper. Xia Xiaozheng, preserved in the "Da Dai Li Ji", is an important document about the "Xia calendar" that exists, and is the earliest astronomical calendar work in China.

2. Papermaking is one of the four great inventions in China, which was invented in the Western Han Dynasty of the Han Dynasty and improved in the Eastern Han Dynasty of the Han Dynasty. Papermaking, especially the papermaking technique improved by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty (also known as "Caihou paper"), is a revolution in writing materials, which is easy to carry and widely used, and promotes the cultural development of China, Arabia, Europe and even the whole world.

3. The compass is the result of the long-term practice of the ancient Chinese working people on the magnetism of magnets. As one of the four great inventions of ancient China, its invention has played an immeasurable role in the development of human science and technology and civilization. In ancient China, the compass was first used for rituals, ceremonies, military affairs, divination and feng shui to determine directions.

4. Gunpowder is one of the four great inventions of China. It is a substance that can burn rapidly and regularly under the action of appropriate external energy, and at the same time generate a large amount of high-temperature gas.

In the military, it is mainly used as the propellant of guns and shells, the propellant of rockets, missiles and other driving devices, and is an important part of ammunition. An outstanding achievement in the history of human civilization. Gunpowder is one of the important inventions of human civilization because of its lethality and deterrent power, which has brought mankind the effect of eliminating pre-war envy and security defense.

5. Printing is one of the four great inventions of the working people in ancient China. Block printing was invented in the Tang Dynasty and was widely used in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. The introduction of printing technology to Europe accelerated the process of European social development, and it provided the conditions for the emergence of the Renaissance.

Marx called the invention of printing, gunpowder, and the compass "a necessary prerequisite for the development of the bourgeoisie." The printing technology invented by the Chinese provided the necessary prerequisites for the establishment of modern society.