What are the Six Books? Urgent. Urgent. Urgent.

Liushu 1 refers to the method of making Chinese characters, that is, "pictograms, signifiers, meanings, shapes, sounds, transfers, and pretenses". In addition, Liushu is also a folk art form in the Lixiahe area of Jiangsu Province.

1 The "Six Books" are the six rules that the ancients summarized to explain the structure and use of Chinese characters. Pictograms, images, imagery, and sounds refer to the shape and structure of words, and transfer and borrowing refer to the way words are used. The pictographer, painted as his thing, with the body to recite, the sun and the moon are also; The person who points to the matter can see it, see it, see it, and see it, and the top and bottom are also; Those who know, compare and befriend, to see the fingers, Wu Xin is also; Those who form and sound, in the name of things, take each other as examples, and rivers are also; The transferor, the class of the class, agree to accept each other, the test is also; The pretend, there is no word, according to the voice, the order is also.

A brief introduction to the art form of "Six Books".

2 Liushu is an ancient and special performing art form of Lixiahe folk, with six people, two literary fields and four martial arts fields. They are active at weddings in the countryside, children's first birthday parties, and all things related to festivities.

Most of the six book teams are composed of local artists who like to play and sing, and usually, they do their own work, and only when people have happy events, they gather to pack up the guys and sing at the door.

Six is the folk auspicious number, six six Shun, book, the meaning of rap. There are a total of six people in the six book troupes, two literary fields are mainly blowing and pulling, and four martial arts fields are mainly percussion. The Six Books are mainly sung, so it is customary to call them "Sing Six Books", and those artists are honored as Mr. Six Books.

The content of the six books is rich and colorful, including fragments of Peking Opera, Huai Opera, Yang Opera, Huangmei Opera, popular songs, and folk tunes. But it must be festive, joyful. If you don't have a "sad tune", you won't dare to reply if you are cleaned up.

The six books refer to pictograms, things, shapes, sounds, understandings, transfers, and pretenses. Han Dynasty scholars summarized the composition and use of Chinese characters into six types, collectively known as the Six Books. The Six Books Theory is the earliest systematic theory of the construction of Chinese characters.

The Six Books are a system that later people analyzed and summarized Chinese characters. However, after the establishment of the six-book system, people used this system as a basis for recreating new characters. You can take a look at some books related to "Shuowen Jie Zi".

The Six Books, first seen in the Zhou Li, are a system summarized by later generations through the analysis of Chinese characters, and they are also the earliest systematic theories about the construction of Chinese characters. When there was a six-book system, when people recreated new characters, they all used this system as the basis. Let's take a look at what are the six books?

1. Six books, first seen in the "Zhou Li", after the Qing Dynasty, generally refer to pictograms, referring to things, understanding, shape and sound, transcribing, and borrowing, Han Dynasty scholars summarized the composition and use of Chinese characters into six types, collectively known as six books. It also refers to "Poems", "Books", "Rites", "Yi", "Music" and "Spring and Autumn".

2. The Six Books play an important guiding role in the evolution and development of Chinese characters, and the "Six Books Theory" is a great innovation in the history of Chinese characters. It is precisely because of the existence of the Six Books that there are the words we know today.

3. The concept of "Six Books" was first seen in "Zhou Li, Diguan, Baoshi", "Bao's admonishment of the king and the cultivation of the country's sons to Taoism are the six arts of teaching,......Five and six books. Zheng Xuan's note in the Eastern Han Dynasty quoted Zheng Zhong as saying: "Six books, pictograms, understanding, transfer, handling, pretense, and harmonic sounds" (Note:

Doing things, that is, "pointing to things"; Harmonic, i.e., "shape sound"). Bangu's "Hanshu Art and Literature Chronicles" defines the names of the six books as pictograms, elephants, images, images, sounds, transfers, and pretenses. Xu Shen's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Shu" set the name of the six books as:

Signifiers, pictograms, shapes, sounds, understandings, transfers, and pretenses. It is generally believed that the pictograms, signifiers, ideologies, and shapes and sounds in the Six Books belong to the method of character creation, that is, the regulations for the structure of Chinese characters; Transferring notes and borrowing belong to the method of using words.

The six books of Chinese characters are pictograms, signifiers, understandings, shapes, sounds, transfers, and borrowings.

In the six books, the first four are direct word-making methods, of which pictograms are the basis of the six books, and then refer to things, understandings, shapes and sounds, and the method of transferring and borrowing words or borrowing words is not the same as the first four word-making methods. "Pictogram" is to depict an actual thing according to the most concise symbols or images, and to express the meaning of the words through shapes. For example, "day", "moon", "mountain", "stone", "field", "fire", etc., are pictographs created according to the shape of things.

Now some of the hieroglyphs are not very obvious, but some can still be seen. Although there are fewer pictographs now, they still occupy a high position in the evolution of writing and are the basis of Chinese characters, for example, "horse" is the word-forming component of words such as "donkey, donkey, and drive", and their meaning can be seen from the shape.

But pictographs had their own limitations after all, and could not meet the needs of rich language, so there were later scripts.

Six books, six ways to make Chinese characters: pictograms, signifiers, shapes, sounds, huiyi, transfers, and borrowing, among which pictographs, signifiers, meanings, and shapes and sounds are mainly "word-making", and transfers and pretenses are "using words". The term "Six Books" comes from the "Rites of the Week":

The Bao clan admonishes the king evil, and raises the son of the country with the Tao, which is the six arts of teaching: one is called the five rites; 2. Six music; Three is said to be five shots; Four said five pilots; Five and six books. Six is said to be nine counts; ”。However, the "Zhou Li" only describes the term "six books" without explaining it.

Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty defined the six books in "Shuowen Jie Zi" as:

1. One refers to things, and those who refer to things can be seen and seen, and the top and bottom are also;

The first is called referring to things, and the meaning of referring to things is: the shape and structure of the words seem to be recognizable, but the meaning of the words it embodies can only be known after investigation, and the upper and lower words are this example.

2. The second is called pictograms, pictographs, painted into their objects, with the body, the sun and the moon are also;

The second is called pictogram, the meaning of pictogram is: to draw the object by drawing the method, and the twists and turns of the stroke are consistent with the posture of the natural object, such as the word sun and moon.

3. The three are called the shape of the voice, the shape of the voice, in the name of things, take the example of each other, and the rivers are also;

The third is called shape sound, the meaning of shape sound is to select comparable sound and meaning characters to form words according to the nature and name of things, and the word river is an example. 4. Fourth, it is said that the will, the person who will know, the friendship is analogous, and the martial faith is also;

The fourth is called huiyi, and the meaning of huiyi is: a morpheme related to the connection of affairs, constituting words; The meaning of the word ememe can be known to know the meaning or purpose of the new word, and the word Wuxin is an example.

5. Five are said to be transferred, and those who transfer are registered with a class of one song, agree to accept each other, and test the old is also;

The fifth is called transfer, the meaning of transfer is: to establish a word for the head, for the root, to create a generic word, the generic word to the root word of the phonetic meaning of the inheritance, and the meaning of the root word to talk about the virtual, the old word is this example.

6. Sixth, it is said that the pretend, the pretend, there is no word, according to the voice, the order is also.

Sixth, it is called pretending, and the meaning of pretending is: there is no word for something or something, but according to the name of a certain judgment key thing and something, find a homophone to represent it, and the word Ling Chang is an example.

The term "Six Books" comes from the "Rites of the Week":"The Bao clan admonishes the king evil, and raises the son of the country with the Tao, which is the six arts of teaching: one is called the five rites; 2. Six music; Three is said to be five shots; Four said five pilots; Five and six books. Six is said to be nine counts; "。

However, "Zhou Li" only describes Sakurayu"Six Books"This term is not explained.

Xu Shen, a scholar of the Eastern Han Dynasty in China, wrote in "Shuo Wen Jie Zi":"Zhou Li entered primary school at the age of eight, and Bao taught Guozi, first with six books. One refers to things:

Those who point to things can see and see, and they can see and see'on'、'down'Yes also. The second is called pictograms: pictographs, painted into their objects, and recited with the body'day'、'month'Yes also.

The third is the shape of the voice: the shape of the voice, in the name of things, take the example of each other'River'、'River'Yes also.

Fourth, it is said that the person who will know, compare the friendship with the analogy, and see the orange clearly refers to,'Take'、'Letters'Yes also. Five: Transfer:

The transferor, the construction of a class, agreed to receive,'Exam'、'Old'Yes also. Sixth, it is said that the pretend: the pretend, there is no word, according to the voice'Order'、'long'Yes also.

Xu Shen's explanation is the first official record of the definition of the Six Books in history. Later generations still focused on Xu Shen's interpretation of the Six Books.

The content of the six books: pictograms, referring to things, understanding, shape and sound, transcribing, and under the pretense of Xu Shen's definition of the six books in "Shuowen Jie Zi Xu" is: one refers to things, and those who refer to things can be seen and recognized, observed and seen, and the top and bottom are also; The second is called pictograms, pictographs, painted into their objects, with the body of the body, the sun and the moon are also; The three are called the shape of the sound, the shape of the voice, in the name of carrying things, take the example of each other, the river is also; Fourth, it is said that the will, the person who will will, the analogy and friendship, in order to see the false, the martial faith is also; Five said to transfer, transfer, build a class, agree to accept, test the old is also; Sixth, it is said that the pretend, the pretend, there is no word, according to the voice of the matter, the order is also.

1) Referring to things: Xu Shen's definition is "to see and see, to see." "You can see the general idea at a glance, and if you look closely, you can see the meaning.

Such as: upper, lower, middle, also (axillary), original, end, not, inch, blade, sweet, etc. 2) Hieroglyphs:

The structural characteristic of pictographs is to draw gourds in the same way, that is, Xu Shen Zheng Jin's so-called "painting into its object, with the body of the question". Such as the sun, the moon, the stop, the eye, the person, the car, the line, the cow, the melon, the eyebrow, the tiger, the high, the night, the dog, the woman, etc. 3) Shape and sound:

It is composed of two parts, one part represents the meaning or meaning of the genus, called the glyph (or symbol); The other part is roughly phonetic, called the sound note. Such as: river, river, poplar, willow, etc.

4) Huiyi: Xu Shen's definition: "analogy and friendship, in order to see the command", literally means huiyi, that is, a number of symbols form a connection with each other to express a certain meaning.

Such as: chasing, taking, martial, and, precepts, chao, twilight, pastoral, etc. 5) Transfer: Xu Shen's definition:

Build a class and agree to accept each other. That is, the radicals of the two words are the same, and the meanings of the two words are extended. Such as:

Exam, old. 6) Pretense: Xu Shen's definition:

There is no word, according to the voice". Some words of Shou Lao Ji have not been specially created for it before, but only choose a word with the same or similar pronunciation from the ready-made words to replace, and then get used to it, and this word will be used by it. Such as:

Mo. To put it simply, pictogram is to directly draw the shape of the thing summarized by the meaning of the word; To refer is to draw the relevant thing that the meaning of the word summarizes, so as to imply certain characteristics that cannot be drawn directly; Epistemic is to draw two bodies to show a meaning through their relationship to each other; The shape and sound is to take two created bodies by taking two forms, one taking the meaning, and the other taking the sound to synthesize a new meaning; Transferring and borrowing are both about the relationship between words and characters, transferring is to infuse similar meanings into the same meaning to create a new character, and borrowing is not to create new words after the development of word meanings and still use the old style, neither of which is to analyze the structure of Chinese characters.