What is atomic spectroscopy and how do you measure it?

Atomic spectrum is the light emitted by spontaneous radiation after a certain atom is excited, because the energy emitted by the atom is based on the electron orbital energy difference as the unit of radiation, so not all frequencies of color light can be emitted, but the color of some specific wavelengths, these characteristic colors are different between different atoms, so we can identify the type of atom by this.

To identify the spectrum of atoms, a beamsplitter is used, and only then is it compared to the linear spectrum of different elements.

Redshift and blueshift refer to the movement of an object's spectral spectrum as a whole towards the red or blue end of the spectrum. This phenomenon is known as the "Doppler effect", for example, when an ambulance is coming towards us, passing by, and moving away from us, we feel that it is very loud (frequency increase) when it approaches us, and deep when it leaves (frequency decrease).

This is the Doppler effect, because of the movement of the source, when the source comes closer to us, the wavelength is compressed, causing the frequency to increase; As we move away from us, the wavelength is stretched, causing the frequency to decrease. This phenomenon also occurs for light sources, where the frequency of the entire spectrum increases and a blue shift occurs when the light source approaches us. The light source moves away from us, the overall frequency of the spectrum decreases, and a redshift occurs.

Atomic spectrum refers to the formation of electromagnetic waves radiated by electrons in an atom from the ground state to the excited state, or from the excited state back to the ground state.

Redshift refers to the phenomenon that the spectrum in the light shifts towards the infrared wave when the luminous object is rapidly moving away from us, and the blue shift is the phenomenon that the spectrum in the light moves towards the ultraviolet wave region when the luminous object moves towards us quickly.

In fact, redshift and blueshift are similar to the Doppler effect in physical phenomena, as long as the Doppler effect is understood, redshift and blueshift are well understood.

First, atomic spectra are divided into absorption spectra and emission spectra. About the absorption spectrum: there are electrons around the atom, and when the electrons absorb energy, an electron transition (from a low energy level to a high energy level) will occur, but the electrons can only absorb the energy of a specific frequency and jump to a specific energy level.

About the emission spectrum: similar to the absorption spectrum, because the electron transition (from a higher energy level to a lower energy level) emits energy at a specific frequency, we express the emitted energy (in the form of light) on the spectrum to form the emission spectrum (dark background bright fringes).

All kinds of atoms.

It is the principle of using atoms to capture energy electrons to generate energy level transitions and release photons, and different atoms have different energies around electrons, so as to capture different energies and release different energy photons, so that there are different spectra, so that we can identify the composition of matter.

A linear spectrum is actually the spectrum emitted by the atoms themselves. When the atoms are placed at a higher temperature, the atoms will spontaneously emit light, and the echo emitted is the line spectrum.

The atomic spectrum reflects the internal structure of atoms according to the distribution of wavelengths, and each atom has its own special spectral series. The study of atomic spectra can be used to understand the structure inside atoms, or to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the composition of a sample.

A single element is a linear spectrum, because the atomic energy level is quantized, and can only absorb the energy of photons of a specific frequency (that is, the energy level difference).

According to quantum theory, energy is always released one by one, and each part is called a quantum.

According to Bohr's atomic model, electrons are in different orbitals, and for an atom, they can only be in a series of energy levels that meet the requirements (energy is 1 (n 2) relation), so electrons can only be in such orbits.

Only when the electrons change their orbits (from a higher energy level to a lower energy level) will they emit light, and the energy between the orbitals is constant, and any two energies are not the same, and the difference is large, so that the wavelengths of their light waves are also very different, and on the spectral lines, they will be arranged according to different wavelengths, so each spectral line is very narrow (because only one or two are in one spectral line).

Atomic spectroscopy measures the energy levels and spectral line properties of atoms.

Atomic spectroscopy is a kind of scientific and technical method used to study and measure the energy level and spectral line characteristics of the original puzi. Information about atoms can be obtained by excitation them to a higher energy level and then observing them emit or absorb light of a particular wavelength. Atomic spectroscopy includes two forms: atomic emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Atomic emission spectra refer to the fact that when atoms are at a higher energy level, these transition back to a lower energy level and emit light of a specific wavelength. The location and intensity of these emission lines are unique to each element and can be used for elemental identification and quantification. Atomic emission spectroscopy is widely used in the fields of elemental analysis, material composition analysis, and environmental monitoring.

Atomic absorption spectroscopy refers to the fact that atoms, when irradiated with light of a specific wavelength, absorb light energy and transition to a higher energy level. By measuring the change in the intensity of light passing through a sample, information can be obtained about the amount of specific elements in the sample. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is often used for quantitative analysis, especially in chemical analysis and environmental monitoring.

Measurement methods of atomic spectroscopy:

1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Atomic absorption light vertical ballast spectroscopy is a technical means to measure atomic absorption light in chemical samples. In this method, the absorption intensity and concentration of atoms at different wavelengths are determined by colliding atoms in a chemical sample with a specific wavelength of light, causing the atoms to transition from the ground state to the excited state, resulting in the elemental content in the analyzed sample.

2. Atomic emission spectroscopy.

Atomic emission spectroscopy is a method of measuring the types and relative amounts of elements in chemical samples. This method uses the atoms in the chemical sample to emit electric ions under high energy excitation, and the energy is obtained by the ionized electrons colliding with the ionized atoms, and then the atomic transition is triggered to release a specific wavelength of light, so as to obtain the content of elements in the chemical sample.

3. Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy.

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy is a method that uses the fluorescence emission of atoms in chemical samples to analyze the content of elements. Fluorescence spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy are similar, except that it allows spectral analysis of substances over a wide range of wavelengths. By ionizing the sample, the atomic transition is stimulated to emit a specific wavelength of light, which can be used to determine the content of different elements in a chemical sample.

Atomic spectroscopy is used for metallic element analysis, environmental monitoring, food safety testing, pharmaceutical analysis, soil and water sample analysis.

1. Metal element analysis.

Atomic spectroscopy can detect the content of metallic elements, such as iron, copper, zinc, lead, etc. It is widely used in metallurgy, environmental monitoring, food safety and other fields.

2. Environmental monitoring.

Atomic spectroscopy can be used to detect toxic metal elements (such as mercury, cadmium, lead, etc.) in environmental samples to help assess the degree of environmental pollution and protect environmental health.

3. Food safety testing.

Atomic spectroscopy can be used for the detection of trace elements in food, such as iodine content in table salt, calcium content in dairy products, etc. This helps to ensure the quality and safety of the food.

4. Drug analysis.

Atomic spectrometry also has applications in pharmaceutical analysis, such as the detection of trace metal elements in drugs to determine their purity and quality.

Analysis of soil and water samples: Atomic spectroscopy is also used for the determination of elements in soil and water samples. It can assess soil fertility, detect water pollution, etc., and provide data support for agriculture and environmental protection.

The role of atomic spectroscopy:

1. Quantitative analysis.

Atomic spectroscopy allows for accurate quantitative analysis of the elemental content in a substance. It uses specific wavelengths of light to excite and probe atoms or ions in a sample, and determines the amount of elements based on the intensity of absorption, emission, or fluorescence. This is important for understanding the concentration of elements in a sample, whether in environmental monitoring, food safety, or other areas.

2. Qualitative analysis.

In addition to quantitative analysis, atomic spectroscopy can also be used for qualitative analysis. Depending on the energy level structure and spectral characteristics of different elements, the presence of an element in a sample can be confirmed by observing their absorption or emission spectra. This is very helpful in identifying and confirming the composition of unknown samples.

3. Elemental distribution analysis.

Atomic spectroscopy can reveal the distribution of elements in a material. By cutting the sample into small pieces or utilizing microscopy techniques, different areas can be analyzed to understand the differences in elemental content at different locations. This is important for research in fields such as materials science and geology.

Atomic. atomic spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum of a specific frequency is emitted or absorbed by an atom when its electron motion state changes. The atomic spectrum is some linear spectrum, the emission spectrum is some bright thin lines, and the absorption spectrum is some dark lines. The emission lines of the atoms coincide precisely with the positions of the absorption lines.

The spectra of different atoms are different, the spectrum of hydrogen atom is the simplest, the spectrum of other atoms is more complex, and the most complex is the spectrum of iron atom. Atomic spectra taken with spectrometers with high dispersion and resolution also show that the spectral lines have fine structures and superfine structures, all of which are characteristic of atomic spectra and reflect the regularity of the movement of electrons inside atoms.

The basic theory that clarifies the spectrum of atoms is quantum mechanics. Atoms can be in different steadystates according to their internal states of motion. Each state has a certain amount of energy, which mainly includes the kinetic energy of the internal motion of the atomic system, the interaction energy between the nucleus and the electrons, and the interaction energy between the electrons.

The state with the lowest energy is called the ground state, and the state with higher energy is called the excited state, which constitute the energy levels of the atom (see atomic energy levels).The high-energy excited state can transition to a lower energy state and emit photons, and conversely, the lower energy state can absorb photons and transition to a higher excited state, and the frequencies that emit or absorb photons constitute the emission spectrum or absorption spectrum. The theory of quantum mechanics can calculate the position of the spectral lines emitted or absorbed and the intensity of the spectral lines when the atomic energy level transitions.

Atomic spectroscopy provides a wealth of information about the internal structure of atoms. In fact, atomic physics and quantum mechanics, which study the structure of atoms, were established and developed in the process of studying, analyzing, and elucidating atomic spectra. Atoms are the basic units that make up countless acres of matter.

The study of atomic spectroscopy is also of great significance for molecular structure and solid structure. The study of atomic spectroscopy plays an important role in the birth and development of exciters, and the in-depth study of atomic spectroscopy will further promote the development of laser technology. In turn, laser technology provides an extremely effective means of spectroscopy. Atomic spectroscopy is also widely used in chemistry, astrophysics, plasma physics, and other applied technical disciplines.

When the motion state of an atom or ion changes, the electromagnetic spectrum with a specific frequency is emitted or absorbed The atomic spectrum covers a wide range, extending from the radio frequency band to the X-ray band, and generally, the atomic spectrum refers to the spectrum in the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet regions

The generation of a certain spectral line in the atomic spectrum is related to the transition between a certain pair of specific energy levels of electrons in an atom Therefore, atomic spectroscopy can be used to study the atomic structure Since the atom is the basic unit of matter, the atomic spectrum is also very important for studying the molecular structure, solid structure, etc. On the other hand, because the atomic spectrum can understand the motion state of the atom, it can study several physical processes including atoms Atomic spectroscopy technology is widely used in chemistry, astrophysics, plasma physics and some applied technical sciences

Atomic emission spectrometry is an analytical method that uses the spectrum formed by the radiation emitted by the excited atom to compare it with the standard spectrum to identify what kind of substance is contained in the substance. Gaseous atoms or ions are excited by the arc, sparks, and other crisis sources emit radiation in the ultraviolet and visible regions. Atoms of a certain element can only produce spectral lines of certain wavelengths, and the presence of certain elements can be determined based on whether certain characteristic spectral lines appear in the spectral diagram.

1) The specimen is turned into a gaseous atom under the action of external energy, and the outer electrons of the gaseous atom are excited to a high energy state. Atoms in the excited state are unstable and generally transition to a lower energy state after 10 seconds, at which point the atoms will release excess energy and emit characteristic spectral lines. Since the sample contains different atoms, electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths is generated.

2) The beamsplitting elements such as prisms or gratings for the generated radiation are dispersed and recorded on the photosensitive plate in the order of wavelengths, and regular spectral lines can be obtained, that is, spectral maps (which can also be measured by visual method or photoelectric method.)

3) Verify the existence or absence of characteristic spectral lines of elements in the spectrum, and qualitatively analyze the sample; Further measurement of the intensity of each characteristic line can be used for quantitative analysis.