How did the intensive farming model come about? What are the special evidences 20

The pressure brought by the exhibition is directly manifested in the shortage of arable land, followed by excessive reclamation and excessive exploitation of nature, which seriously deteriorates the living environment.

Characteristics of the smallholder economy (yeoman economy) and its role.

The small-scale peasant economy is the basic economic model that has existed for a long time in ancient China, and it is also the basic characteristic of modern China as a backward agricultural country. The basic structural characteristics of the small-scale peasant economy are that the family is the unit of production and living, agriculture and cottage industry are combined, and the main purpose of growth is to meet the basic needs of the family and pay taxes. It is a self-sufficient natural economy in nature.

The small-scale peasant economy was formed and established in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period with the emergence and gradual popularization of iron farming tools and the gradual establishment of feudal land ownership. During the period of formation and development of feudal society, it basically adapted to the level of development of productive forces and was conducive to social and economic development. In the later period of feudal society, with the development of social production and the increasing development of commodity economy, the small peasant economy gradually hindered the development of social economy.

There are three weaknesses of the natural economy: first, decentralization, small production by one household; second, it is closed, and there is a lack of communication and cooperation between them; The third is backwardness, relatively simple production tools, long-term unchanged production technology, and easy to satisfy the social state of mind. These characteristics of the natural economy have a profound impact on the historical development of China, which is an important reason for the slow development and long-term continuation of the feudal society, and is also the main factor hindering social production in modern times.

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Starting from combing historical clues (such as agricultural production tools, water conservancy facilities, and farming methods), the evolution law is analyzed.

As early as the end of the primitive society, in the process of developing from the gathering economy to the planting economy, there were three main clues: first, the agricultural production tools from the primitive plough to the use of iron tools and oxen ploughing in the Warring States, and then to the continuous improvement and perfection of the Quyuan plough in the Tang Dynasty; second, the continuous improvement of irrigation tools and water conservancy facilities; The third is the evolution of agricultural farming methods from large-scale simple cooperation to individual small-scale peasant economy.

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It is estimated that the cultivated land area in the Song Dynasty was only 100 million mu, which increased to 100 million mu in the Ming Dynasty and 1.1-1.2 billion mu in the Qing Dynasty. Of the newly added arable land, quite a few are"Barren sandy hills""Steep Ground"。These lands are considered difficult to exploit by foreigners"Marginal land"。

In the process of reclamation and utilization of these lands, there are not only aspects conducive to economic development, but also many problems. Could you please talk about developing these?"Marginal land"The pros and cons of the pros and cons. How did it affect socio-economic life then and today?

What lessons should we learn today?

Tip Develop these"Frontier land"On the one hand, it has promoted the development of the frontiers, safeguarded national unity, and promoted national unity. On the other hand, to a certain extent, it has caused damage to the local ecological environment, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of these areas today.

Intensive cultivation, a Chinese idiom, pinyin is jīng gēng xì zuò, which means careful and meticulous farming in agriculture. From "Being a Revolutionary Facilitator", what are the specific manifestations of intensive farming?

1. Production tools: Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period - iron plow; Western Han Dynasty - coupling plough, cocoon cart (sowing tools); Sui and Tang dynasties - Quyuan plow.

2. Farming methods: Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period - ridge farming method (the most advanced farming method in the world at that time); Western Han Dynasty - Daitian method.

3. Water conservancy project: Dujiangyan (Warring States); Cao Canal, Bai Canal, Longshou Canal (Han).

4. Irrigation tools: overturned (Three Kingdoms), cylinder car (Tang Dynasty), high drum car (Song Dynasty), wind-powered water wheel (Ming and Qing dynasties).

5. Agricultural monographs: Western Han Dynasty: "The Book of Pan Sheng", Northern Wei Dynasty: "Qi Min Yaoshu", Song: "Chen Fu Nongshu", Yuan: "Wang Zhen Nongshu", Ming: "The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration".

That's it for the introduction of the specific manifestations of intensive farming.

Because in ancient China, small farmers were mainly self-employed, and intensive cultivation was its characteristic and inevitable.

Answer]: Since entering the 21st century, it has been learned that with the continuous acceleration of industrialization, informatization, urbanization, marketization and internationalization, on the one hand, people's demand for domestic agricultural products has shown rigid growth, and the requirements for food safety have been continuously improved; On the other hand, the massive transfer of rural labor, the increasing constraints on agricultural resources and the environment, and the intensification of competition in the agricultural market have all posed challenges to China's traditional agricultural production and management mode, which is characterized by intensive cultivation by small peasant households.

1. The traditional agriculture of intensive cultivation is manifested in the continuous transformation of production tools, and the emergence of coupling plows, plough walls, curved plows and other tools.

2. Production methods such as ridge farming and substitution method to restore land fertility, and the emergence of iron farming tools and ox ploughing have greatly developed productivity.

Chi Yu 3, with the family as the unit, the male ploughing and the female weaving for the cherry blossoms to be used for the self-yard songyan, a small number of crops on the market.

4. Features: male ploughing and female weaving, self-sufficiency, intensive farming.