Are ionic bonds directional and saturated

Ionic bond. It is not directional and saturated. As long as space allows, as many anions as possible are arranged around a cation.

In NaCl crystals, there is only one Na+ that is equidistant around it.

6 cl- is because of the anion and cation radius.

Proportional relations. The same is an alkali metal. Target. cs+

The radius is larger, so a CS+ cl- equidistant around it can have 8. As for directionality, because anions and cations can be seen as rigid balls, they have electrostatic interaction with ions with different charges in any direction. And not like covalent bonds.

In that case, the keys must be formed in a certain direction.

As for the determination of the arrangement of the ions inside the crystal, it is related to the radius ratio, the anion and ion ions are arranged as closely as possible, and they are subject to the size ratio of the radius, so the positions between each other are determined, and they cannot be arranged at will, such as in CSCL, 8 Cl- form a cube, CS+ fills the gap between them, and the CL- on the diagonal of the body and the CS+ in the center are tangent and in NaCl

Medium, 5 cl-

In a square, the 3 cl- facing the diagonal are tangent. The two cl- on the side length are tangent to the na+ in the middle.

The saturation of a covalent bond lies in the fact that it has a finite number of valence electrons, that is, the chemical bond that can be formed is limited, and the directivity lies in the fact that the bond formation is always carried out towards the maximum overlap of the electron cloud. That is, directionality. Ionic bonds are made by electrostatic action.

There is no fixed direction. There is also no fixed number of bonds. Crystals are often formed.

Metal bonds are special. There is an interaction between metal ions and electrons. Similar to ionic bonds, but different.

There is also no saturation and directionality.

Ionic bonds are non-directional and saturated. As much space allows, arrange as many cations around as possibleAnion

In NaCl crystals, there are only 6 Cl- at equal distances around a Na+, which is due to the proportional relationship between the anion and cation radius. CS+, which is also an alkali metal, has a larger radius, so there can be 8 Cl- equidistant around a CS+. As for directionality, because the anions and cations can be seen as rigid balls, they have electrostatic interaction with dissimilar charges in any direction.

And not like covalent bonds.

In that case, the keys must be formed in a certain direction.

Essence: Ionic nucleus bonds belong to chemical bonds.

Most salts, bonds formed from alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, and active metal oxides have ionic bonds. Compounds that contain ionic bonds are called ionic compounds. Ionic bonds are related to the melting boiling point and hardness of an object.

Its essence is that after the atomic orbitals overlap, there is a high probability that it will appear in the nuclei of two atoms.

The electrical interaction between the electrons and the two nuclei.

Metallic bondsThere is no directionality and saturation. Metallic bonds are chemical bonds.

A kind that is mainly found in metals. by free electrons.

and the electrostatic attraction between metal ions arranged in a lattice shape. Due to the free motion of electrons, metal bonds do not have a fixed direction and hence are not directional. Metal atoms are arranged together in various ways of accumulation, and they are arranged as tightly as possible, without so-called saturation.

Metallic bond attributes

Metallic bonds vs ionic bonds.

Similarly, the smaller the radius, the higher the charge, and the stronger the metallic bond. The stronger the metal bond, the harder the buried bond is, the higher the melting point. The hardness is higher because it is more difficult to deform, the high melting point is because it is more difficult to become liquid, and the stronger the metallic bond, the harder it is to lose electrons, metallicity.

The worse. Consider the outermost charge number first, the higher the charge number, the stronger the metal bond. Such as al>mg. In the case of the same number of charges, consider the radius, the smaller the radius, the stronger the metallic bond.

Saturation refers to the fact that the total number of bonds formed by each atom or the number of atoms connected by a single bond is a certain amountDirectionality refers to the fact that the covalent bond formed by an atom with surrounding atoms has a certain directional angle.

According to the simple electronic shell model, the outer electrons of an atom are most stable when they reach saturation. For most atoms, they reach saturation when the number of electrons in the outer shell is 8, i.e., the "octapo". At this time, the number of electrons in their outer shell is the same as that of the noble gas element of the same period.

Features of covalent bonds:If the electronegativity of the atoms that make up the covalent bond is different, then the electron pairs they share may be attracted to one of the nuclei, and thus their distribution in the molecule is also unequal, with negativity where electrons are attracted more concentrated, and positivity where electrons are more sparse. In this way, the whole molecule will show a certain polarity.

The distribution of the electrodes of a molecule is related to the composition of its molecule in addition to the electronegativity of its atoms.

Covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds are directional and saturated, while ionic bonds are not directional and saturated. For example, in a water molecule, an oxygen atom has 6 electrons in its outermost shell and can only form an ordinary covalent bond with two hydrogen atoms, which is called saturation. The angle of the two oxygen-hydrogen bonds is degrees, which is called a covalent bond and is directional.

Covalent bonds are directional and saturated.

To form a stable covalent bond, it is necessary to make the electron cloud overlap as large as possible, and we know that except for the s electron, the other electron clouds are spatially oriented, and when bonding, the overlap should occur as much as possible along the direction of the maximum density of the electron cloud. For example, in H2O, the overlap of the 1S electron cloud of the hydrogen atom along the spatial extension direction of the 2PX and 2PY electron clouds of the oxygen atom can achieve the maximum overlap of the electron cloud and form a stable covalent bond, so the covalent bond is directional.

When the atoms of an element form a covalent bond, when all the unpaired electrons of one atom are paired with the unpaired electrons in the opposite spin direction of some other atoms, it is uncertain that they will be paired with the unpaired electrons of other atoms to form bonds. For example, in the H2O molecule, the O atom has two unpaired electrons, and it can only be paired with the unpaired electrons of the two H atoms, so the covalent bond is saturated.

Covalent bonds

Covalent bond is a kind of chemical bond, two or more atoms use their outer electrons together, and reach a state of electron saturation under ideal conditions, thus forming a relatively stable chemical structure, like this, a strong interaction between several adjacent atoms through the shared electron and the shared electron is called a covalent bond. Its essence is that after the overlapping of atomic orbits, there is a high probability of electrons between two nuclei and the electrical interaction between two nuclei.

In compound molecules, the covalent bonds formed by different kinds of atoms, due to the different ability of the two atoms to attract electrons, the electron cloud is biased towards the atom with the stronger ability to attract electrons, and the relative electropositive of the atom with the weaker ability to attract electrons is reversed. Such covalent bonds are called polar covalent bonds, or polar bonds for short. When forming a covalent bond, there are "strong polar bonds" and "weak polar bonds" due to the different degrees of deviation of the electron cloud, but usually the bonding between two different atoms is a polar bond.

Hydrogen bonds are directional and saturated.

The hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to the electronegative atom x, and if it is close to the atom y (O, f, n, etc.) with high electronegativity and small radius, hydrogen is used as the medium between x and y to generate x-h....A special intermolecular or intramolecular interaction in the form of y, called hydrogen bonding. [X and Y can be hydrogen bonds between molecules of the same kind, such as water molecules; It can also be hydrogen bonds between different kinds of molecules, such as ammonia monohydrate molecules (NH3·H2O)].

In the case of the a-helix of the protein is n-h....Hydrogen bonds of type O, N-H in the case of double helix of DNA....o，n-h…N-type Wang Qiao's hydrogen bonds, because these structures are stable, so there are many such hydrogen bonds. In addition, water and its turbo solvent are heterogeneous, also due to the formation of O-H —... between water moleculesO-type hydrogen bonding. Therefore, this is also the reason for the formation of hydrophobic bonds.

1) There is a hydrogen atom that forms a strong polar bond with a very electronegative atom.

2) There are atoms b (f, o, n) with a small radius, large electronegativity, lone pairs, and partial negative charge

The essence of hydrogen bonding: the electrostatic force between the hydrogen nuclei on the strongly polar bond (a-h) and the electronegative atom b with lone electron pairs and partial negative charge.

3) Indicates the general formula of hydrogen bonding.

In the case of hydrogen bonding, if written as a general formula, x h can be used....y denotes. where x and y represent non-metallic atoms such as f, o, n, etc., which are highly electronegative and have small atomic radius.

X and Y can be two identical elements or two different elements.

4) Understanding of hydrogen bonding.

Although the existence of hydrogen bonds is very common and the research on them is gradually deepening, there are still two different understandings of the definition of hydrogen bonds.

What is the directivity and saturation of chemical bonds? Answer: Saturation and directivity are characteristics of covalent bonds.

Saturation means that a few unpaired electrons of an atom can be paired with several electrons with opposite spins to form bonds. It can no longer be paired with a third party to form a key. Directionality means that in addition to the s orbital, other atomic orbitals such as p and d orbitals have a certain stretch direction, and when a covalent bond is formed, the electron cloud of the bonded atom requires the maximum overlap, so there is a bond angle.

Hence the covalent bond has directionality. Because there are many important points of valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory, I will not explain them in detail here!