How rocks are made, how rocks are formed

Rock is a collection of minerals or minerals that make up the earth's crust. According to their genesis, they are divided into three categories, namely magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.

Magmatic rock: It is formed by the intrusion of magma rising from the earth's crust into the earth's crust or erupting from the surface of the earth, also known as igneous rock. Magma is mainly in the asthenosphere in the upper part of the mantle, where the temperature is as high as 1300 and the pressure is about thousands of atmospheres, so that magma has great activity and energy, and is divided into ejecta rock and intrusive rock according to its activity.

Rocks formed by the condensation of magma that has not reached the surface are called intrusive rocks. Plutonic intrusive rocks are coarsely grained. The particles of epigenetic intrusive rocks are small or uneven in size.

Ejecta rock is formed under the condition that magma erupts from the surface, with low temperature and rapid cooling, and often forms a vitreous, semicrystalline or cryptocrystalline structure, with stomata, rhyograin and other structures.

Magmatic rocks are commonly found in granite, which is widely distributed in the earth's crust, intrusive rocks with medium and coarse-grained structures, black and dense basalts, and rhyolite, which are acidic ejecta rocks with significant rhyolite structures.

Sedimentary rock: It is formed by the deposition of ground instant rocks under the action of external forces, weathering, transportation, sedimentary consolidation, etc., and its main characteristics are: The bedding structure is significant; Sedimentary rocks often contain ancient biological remains, which become fossils after petrification; Some have dry fissures, pores, nodules, etc.

Common sedimentary rocks include: conglomerate with a diameter of more than 3 mm and rounded pebbles and conglomerates formed by cementation of other materials, sandstone cemented by sand grains with a diameter of 2 mm to millimeters, shale composed of fine-grained clay minerals, limestone with calcite as its main component, and limestone with little hardness.

Metamorphic rocks: It is a new type of rock formed by magmatic or sedimentary rocks under metamorphism. The main difference from the first two types of rocks is that metamorphic rocks are recrystallized rocks, with coarse grains and no vitreous and organic remains.

Its main characteristics are: some have sheet (sheet) structures such as schist; Some are gneiss structures (not forming flakes), and various minerals are seen in bands or strips on the rock sections, such as granite gneiss; Some are plate-like structures, with extremely small particles that are difficult to distinguish with the naked eye, such as slate. Common metamorphic rocks include marble formed by recrystallization of calcite or dolomite, slate formed by shale and clay metamorphism, schist composed of sheet and columnar rocks, gneiss formed by sedimentary rocks and magmatic rocks, quartzite formed by sandstone, etc.

Rocks are naturally occurring assemblages of minerals or glasses with a stable appearance, which are combined in a certain way. It is the material basis that makes up the earth's crust and upper mantle. According to the genesis, it is divided into magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.

Among them, magmatic rock is a rock formed by the condensation of high-temperature molten magma on the surface or underground, also known as igneous rock or ejecta rock; Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed by the transport, sedimentation and diagenetic consolidation of the products of weathering, biological and volcanic processes under surface conditions through the transport, sedimentation and diagenetic consolidation of external forces such as water, air and glaciers. Metamorphic rocks are pre-formed magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks or metamorphic rocks that are formed by metamorphism due to changes in the geological environment in which they are located.

I received your request for help, then I will give you a look, my own language.

Magmatic rocks - the metamorphosis of radioactive elements in the interior of the earth, or the movement of the earth's crust (tectonic movement) in simple terms, the part of magma that erupts from the interior of the earth and the part that does not erupt from the surface and condenses and crystallizes in volcanic pipes is magmatic rocks, which you need to have a certain foundation in petrology and mineralogy to understand more carefully.

Sedimentary rocks are formed into rocks by physical or chemical weathering of outcropping rocks after being transported, abrasive, deposited, compacted, and dehydrated.

Metamorphic rocks are formed by the metamorphism of rocks, which may be magmatic rocks or sedimentary rocks, because changes in temperature, pressure and chemical composition change the original rock to form another kind of rock.

If you ask how rocks are generated, I will probably tell you about them, there are 3 types of rocks, magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks, and I will give you a general introduction, I hope it will be useful to you.

How are the rocks of the earth formed in all their different shapes and colors? Scientists have been exploring this mystery since ancient times, and there has been a fierce debate in the scientific community. Scientists with different views are at odds with each other, and some have called the debate a battle of fire and water.

Rock is a mixture of solid minerals or minerals, which is composed of one or more minerals and has a certain structural structure. It can be divided into igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks.

1. Igneous rocks.

Igneous rocks are also called magmatic rocks. The temperature and pressure in the Earth's interior are high, and all the constituent substances are in a molten state of fluid, called magma. Igneous rocks are formed by magma invading the earth's crust or flowing out of the earth's surface to cause lava, which is formed by cooling and solidification, such as basalt, granite, etc.

2. Sedimentary rocks.

Sedimentary rocks occupy 66% of the surface and are the main types of rocks on the surface. It is a rock formed by weathering and turning into detritals, or by the remains of living organisms and then through erosion, sedimentation, and petrification. These rocks are layered.

3. Metamorphic rocks.

Metamorphic rocks are the original igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks that occur under the influence of high temperature, high pressure and hydrothermal fluids through crustal movement or magmatic intrusion, which can change the structure or organization of the original rocks, so that some minerals disappear and other new minerals are produced. As a result, another type of rock that is different from the original rock is formed, called metamorphic rock.

In summary, different types of rocks have different formation processes, which can be roughly divided into three categories: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks.

Mixed rocks, etc., contact metamorphic rocks: at the surface at room temperature, slate, according to the different intrusion parts, it is divided into plutonic and epigenic, gabbro porphyry and diorite porphyry are common epigenetic rocks.

Layered rocks formed by sedimentary and diagenetic processes, composed of weathered material, clay rocks,

schist, volcaniclastic, tuffy sandstone,

Siliceous rocks are solid minerals or mixtures of minerals, called ejecta rocks or volcanic rocks, fragmented rocks, and regional metamorphic rocks. Molten material from the Earth's interior, hornstones,

Dolomite and phyllite are aggregates composed of one or more minerals with a certain structure. Rocks, dolerite, amphibole, gabbro, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks formed when lava erupts from the surface of the earth from volcanic channels. Depending on the type of metamorphic action.

It can be divided into igneous rocks: dynamic metamorphic rocks. Common sedimentary rocks are sandstone.

Metamorphic rocks and ferruginous rocks can be divided into five categories: rocks and schists formed by metamorphism of the original rocks.

Igneous rocks are also called magmatic rocks and conglomerates.

Granite, andesite and rhyolite, etc., are rocks formed by condensation and consolidation under different geological conditions

Quartzite, claystone and chemical rocks (including biochemical rocks), organic matter and a small amount of cosmic material are transported, shale.

Sedimentary rock. According to the cause, it can be divided into:

Clastic rock, marble. Rocks formed when lava rises before reaching the surface but condenses at a certain depth in the earth's crust are called intrusive rocks. Granite porphyry

Gneiss. Common metamorphic rocks are:

Mylonite, phosphorous rock, etc., mixed rocks and metasomatic metamorphic rocks, under atmospheric pressure conditions

Limestone and diorite are typical plutonic rocks. Common volcanic rocks are basalt rocks.

Rock is a mixture of solid minerals or minerals, which is composed of one or more minerals and has a certain structural structure.

It can be divided into igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks.

Igneous rocks are also called magmatic rocks. Molten material from the Earth's interior, condensed and consolidated into rock under different geological conditions. When lava erupts from a volcanic channel and solidifies on the surface, it is called ejecta rock or volcanic rock.

Common volcanic rocks include basalt, andesite, and rhyolite. When the lava rises before reaching the surface and condenses at a certain depth in the earth's crust, the rocks are called intrusive rocks, which are divided into plutonic rocks and shallow rocks according to different intrusion sites.

Granite, gabbro, diorite are typical plutonic rocks. Granite porphyry, gabbroporphyry, and diorite porphyry are common epigenetic rocks.

Sedimentary rocks: layered rocks formed by the transportation, sedimentation and diagenesis of weathered materials, volcanic detritus, organic matter and a small amount of cosmic materials under normal temperature and pressure conditions on the surface. According to the cause, it can be divided into:

Clastic, clay, and chemical rocks (including biochemical rocks). Common sedimentary rocks are:

Sandstone, tuff sandstone,

Conglomerate, claystone, shale,

Limestone, dolomite,

Siliceous rocks, ferruginous rocks,

phosphorous rocks, etc. Metamorphic rocks: Rocks formed by metamorphism of original rocks. According to the different types of metamorphism, metamorphic rocks can be divided into five categories: dynamic metamorphic rocks, contact metamorphic rocks, regional metamorphic rocks, mixed rocks and metasomatic metamorphic rocks. Common metamorphic rocks are:

Mylonite, clastic rock

Hornstone, slate,

phyllite, schist,

Gneiss, marble,

Quartzite, amphibole, schist, dolerite,

Mixed rocks, etc.

Fragments or mineral particles of intact and hard rocks on the surface of the earth's crust are disintegrated by external forces such as weathering and denudation, and then transported by current, wind, gravity or glaciation, and under appropriate conditions, various types of soil are deposited. The formation and evolution process of soil is the nature and change process of soil. Rocks are weathered to form soil, which is transported and deposited, and then formed by diagenesis.

Temperature change is the most important factor causing petrophysical weathering. Due to the hidden change in temperature, the temperature difference can cause the rock to expand and contract alternately, and over time, the rock will crack. We know that the rock is a poor conductor of heat, poor thermal conductivity, when it is irradiated by the sun, the surface layer is first heated and expands, while the interior is not heated, still maintains the original volume, so that it will inevitably cause crustal detachment on the surface of the rock.

At night, the outer layer first cools and shrinks, while the internal residual heat does not dissipate and still retains its volume in the heated state, so that radial cracking occurs in the surface layer and cracks are formed. This uncoordinated expansion and contraction caused by temperature changes over a long period of time will weaken the connection between the surface and the interior of the rock, causing it to gradually loosen and produce surface spalling under the action of gravity or other external forces.

Another factor that causes the weathering of rocks is the nature of the abnormal expansion of water. The water that seeps into the crevices freezes in the cold winter, and the volume of the ice increases by about 8 compared to water of the same mass. This abnormal expansion causes the stone crevices to grow larger and larger, and the enlarged stone crevices can hold more water.

After a long period of repeated action, the rock is destroyed and crushed, and the gravel and sand are slowly formed.

At the beginning of the formation of the earth, it became a mountain rock, and after weathering, it became a rock. Then it becomes a meteorite, when it does not fall into the earth's atmosphere, it is a stony, iron or a mixture of stone and iron in outer space, and if it falls into the atmosphere, it falls to the ground without being burned by the atmosphere and becomes the meteorite we usually see.

To put it simply, the so-called meteorite is the debris left behind by a miniature version of an asteroid that "hit the earth". Hundreds of millions of years have passed, and there are countless rocks in the world. It is moving in a quantitative direction.

Ancient rocks are found in crystalline substrates in the interior of the continents. The representative rocks are mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks. This or Zhengjisome rocks have been transformed into metamorphic rocks rich in chlorite and hornblende due to strong metamorphism, which we usually call greenstone.

At the beginning of the formation of the earth, the gravitational pull of the earth's core sucked the dust in the universe, and the condensed dust became rocks. The rocks have been weathered and turned into rocks. Then it becomes a meteorite, which is a stony, iron, or a mixture of stone and iron that is free from outer space when it does not fall into the Earth's atmosphere; If it falls into the atmosphere, it falls to the ground without being burned up by the atmosphere, and it becomes the meteorite we usually see.

To put it simply, the so-called meteorite is the debris left behind by a miniature version of an asteroid that "hit the earth".

At the beginning of the formation of the earth, it became a mountain rock, and after weathering, it became a rock. Then it becomes a meteorite, when it does not fall into the earth's atmosphere, it is a stony, iron or rock-iron mixed material that is free from outer space, if it falls into the atmosphere, it is not burned by the atmosphere and falls to the ground and becomes the meteorite we usually see, simply put, the so-called meteorite is a miniature version of the debris left behind by the asteroid "hitting the earth". Hundreds of millions of years have passed, and there are countless rocks in the world.

It is moving in a quantitative direction.

Ancient rocks are found in crystalline substrates in the interior of the continents. The representative rocks are mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks. These rocks have been transformed into shifts and cortexes rich in chlorite and hornblende due to intense metamorphism, commonly known as greenstone.

For example, granitic gneiss with an isotopic age of about 3.8 billion years was discovered in West Greenland in 1973. In 1979, Batun et al. determined the age of gneiss in the middle of the Bobolin Belt in South Africa to be about 3.9 billion rows of years.