Explanation of terms in discriminatory literature, explanation of terms in literary criticism

Statistical discrimination means that the situation of an individual is treated on the basis of the average situation of the group to which he or she belongs, rather than on the characteristics of the individual. A common example is when a state agency or enterprise selects people based on the university they attended. Employers may find that graduating from better schools is more productive per capita; Moreover, due to the different grading standards of each school, it is difficult to evaluate and compare the academic performance of students in each school.

As a result, employers select employees more based on the school they graduated from than on merit or merit. But if you do a more detailed screening, you will find that there are many good jobs among the graduates of less famous schools. This example illustrates statistical discrimination based on the average quality of schools.

Statistical discrimination can lead to economic inefficiencies by reinforcing stereotypes and weakening incentives for members of a group to improve their skills and gain experience. If you look at the average student who attends a lesser-known university, he knows that to a large extent employers will judge her based on the quality of her school or skills in a particular area (e.g., English), and that major, academic performance, difficulty of the courses studied, what you have really learned, work experience, and the core elements of the job you are applying for may be overlooked. As a result, in the face of statistical discrimination, individuals tend to invest less in activities that increase the level of expertise, improve labor skills, and make themselves more specialized employees (e.g., vocational and technical level certification).

Statistical discrimination is even more harmful when it involves fixed groups, gender, ethnicity, and race. If the majority of employers deny the qualities of that group of people on the basis of the negative effects of certain social phenomena, then those talented individuals will not only be treated as average workers, or even inexplicably excluded from certain areas of work, but in the long run they will not have the enthusiasm to improve their knowledge and skills. Statistical discrimination can be seen in many ways, and it is widespread in most countries.

For example, the traditional exclusion of women from mathematically demanding professions, such as engineers, has resulted in a tendency for women to gravitate towards the humanities and social sciences when applying for school, which in turn reinforces the perception that women are not interested in engineering. Statistical discrimination not only typologies individuals' group characteristics, but also weakens individual incentives to invest in education and training, which in turn reinforces stereotypes about pre-existing group characteristics.

Discriminatory preference: Both manufacturers and customers have a "discriminatory preference", perhaps some managers in the United States just don't like to hire blacks; In some countries, some salespeople are biased and don't want to sell to a specific group of people, and critics think it's better to be tautological, to put it bluntly: "It's the way it is because people want it to be the way it is."

This preference is evident in the phenomenon of exclusionary discrimination.

From a social point of view, discrimination is an emotional reaction and behavior between different interest groups, and discrimination is generally composed of two interest groups: the discriminatory party and the discriminated party. Under normal circumstances, the discriminatory party stigmatizes, slanders, isolates, or even harms the discriminated party in speech or behavior because it is worried that the discriminated party will threaten or challenge its status, rights, interests, habits, culture, etc. Discrimination is in fact the discriminatory party looking for unspeakable reasons to perpetuate unreasonable, legal, unfair and unjust things.

To achieve the purpose of safeguarding the status, rights, interests, habits, and culture of the discriminatory party.

Literary criticism is an important part of literary activity.

There are two kinds of literary criticism: broad and narrow:

Literary criticism in a broad sense belongs to the category of literary theory research, which is not only an indispensable and important content in the study of literary theory, but also a driving force, guiding and constructive factor in the overall promotion of literary activities, which not only promotes the creation, dissemination and reception of literature, but also affects the development of literary thought and theory. It covers a wide range of topics, from work reviews to theoretical research.

Literary criticism in the narrow sense belongs to the category of literature and art, and is the most active, frequent and common form of research in literature and art. It is a scientific interpretation activity based on literary appreciation, guided by literary theory, and analyzing, researching, understanding and evaluating writers' works and literary phenomena, which is the deepening and improvement of literary appreciation.

Literary criticism is an important part of literary activity. Since the existence of literary works and their dissemination, consumption and reception, literary criticism has developed with it, and constitutes an indispensable and important content of literary theory and a motive, guiding and constructive factor in the whole of literary activities, which not only promotes literary creation, influences the development of literary thought and literary theory, but also promotes the dissemination and reception of literature. This is especially true after the gradual maturity of literary criticism.

Literary criticism starts from and reacts to literary practice. Through the analysis and commentary of literary works, literary criticism can not only affect writers' understanding of literature and the development of literary creation, but also affect readers' appreciation of literary spine sensitivity and the social function of literature. Excellent literary criticism will not only support, encourage and guide the works of individual writers of the same era, but also have a great impact on the creative ideas and artistic tendencies of contemporaries, and even change the literary fashion of a generation.

It can not only improve the reader's receptivity and artistic taste, but also promote the formation of aesthetic ideals of society and the times.

Irony, also known as irony, is a kind of ironic tone or writing technique when speaking or writing, and it is impossible to understand what it really wants to express literally, when in fact its original meaning is exactly the opposite of the literal meaning that can be understood, and it is usually necessary to understand its intention from the context and context. This is a socially common interpretation, but in the 19th and 20th centuries and even earlier, it had a different classical meaning.

Writing in The New York Times, Christy Wampole, a professor of French at Princeton University, "If irony is the spirit of our time, the hipster is the epitome of irony." Little freshness haunts the streets and college campuses of every city.

These contemporary urban harlequins are nostalgic for times they never experienced, admiring outdated fashions (beards, shorts), mechanics (dead-flying bikes, portable tape recorders) and hobbies (home brewing, trombone). They are easily ridiculed. But ridicule and irony are a very weak pain for hippies, and they are simply the symptoms and most extreme manifestations of irony.

Irony was originally a character in Greek drama who pretended to be ignorant. He said stupid things in front of his opponent who thought he was smart, but in the end, he was proven right by the banquet and forced the opponent to admit defeat. The ancient Greek sage Socrates played such a role in Plato's Dialogues, mocking the self-righteous and intelligent.

Irony shows the semantic state of a line of missing contradictions: it adopts the expressive technique of knocking on the side and hitting the east and the west. It began in ancient Greece and has since evolved and gradually become a rhetorical method in rhetoric.

In fact, the word criticism, in ancient times, meant two things.

The first is the batch, which was the word of approval at that time, which was from top to bottom, and was generally made by teachers or elders to guide the progress of post-learning.

The second is evaluation, which is at the same level or from the bottom up, which is the opinion of the public.

The word criticism, in ancient times, was the mouth of the people, and later gradually evolved into what we call criticism, that is, to be blamed.

However, literary criticism is a continuation of the ancient meaning, that is, some thoughts and opinions on literature.

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Literary criticism is a scientific activity that researches, analyzes, and evaluates various literary phenomena from an aesthetic and historical point of view on the basis of literary appreciation. Literary criticism and literary creation are both accompaniment and relatively independent. Literary criticism begins with and is higher than literary appreciation.

The social value and aesthetic value contained in a literary work are harmoniously combined with the writer's spiritual personality and the uniqueness of the aesthetic form. The special artistic style presented by them in their literary works is permeated with the aesthetic characteristics of the fusion of aesthetic ideals and aesthetic forms. Literary works with high aesthetic value and distinctive artistic style are inseparable from the art forms and techniques that are consistent with specific aesthetic implications, and inseparable from the writer's unique thoughts, emotions and creative methods.

Works with aesthetic charm can make the viewer realize the rhythm and poetry in them, and the beauty of literary works lies in the appropriate, clear and thorough form of expression.