What are the characteristics of energy flow in ecosystems?

The energy flow of an ecosystem refers to the process by which energy is transferred and dissipated within a system through a food network. The energy that is transferred and transformed between organisms and the environment in the form of transfer and convection is kinetic energy, including heat energy and light energy; The energy that is transferred and transformed between organisms through the food chain is potential energy. The energy flow of the ecosystem can be regarded as the process of transfer and transformation of kinetic energy and potential energy within the system, which is characterized by the following:

1) Producers (green plants) have a very low utilization rate of solar energy, only about 1%.

2) The energy flow is irreversible and unidirectional.

3) The energy in the flow is gradually reduced due to heat loss, and the energy consumed by the respiration of each trophic level is more than half of its total output, and the production volume of each level is at most only a small half of the total output.

4) The average energy utilization rate between consumers at all levels is 10%.

5) Only when the energy produced by the ecosystem is balanced with the energy consumed can the structure and function of the ecosystem maintain a dynamic equilibrium.

The structure and function of the ecosystem of the eight biologicals of Beijing Normal University - the material cycle is accompanied by the flow of energy.

The flow of energy is one-way and decreasing; The material cycle is global and repetitive; Matter is the carrier of energy flow; Energy is the driving force of the material cycle; Information transfer can regulate the interspecific relationships of organisms and maintain the ecosystem

1. The flow of energy in the ecosystem is unidirectional, 2. The flow of energy decreases step by step in the process of flow].

The final energy of the ecosystem is solar energy, and the total energy flowing through the ecosystem is the total amount of solar energy fixed by the producer. The destination of the energy in each trophic level is: respiration is lost, assimilated by the next trophic level, and decomposed by the decomposer. Energy flows in one direction and decreases step by step].

It flows from the lower end of the biological chain to the higher end and finally back to the low end. It is converted from solar energy to starch chemical energy, then to protein, etc. Finally, it decomposes into minerals.

Energy flow is characterized by one-way flow and decreasing steps.

1. One-way flow: It means that the energy flow of the ecosystem can only flow from the first trophic level to the second trophic level, and then flow to the subsequent trophic levels in turn. Generally, it cannot flow in reverse.

This is determined by the trophic structure formed by the long-term evolution of organisms. For example, a wolf preys on a sheep, but a sheep cannot prey on a wolf.

2. Step-by-step decline means that the energy input to one trophic level cannot flow 100% into the next trophic level, and the energy is gradually reduced in the process of flowing along the food chain. The average efficiency of energy transfer along the food web is 10% to 20%, i.e. only 10% of the energy in one trophic level is used by the next trophic level.

The flow of energy is one-way and decreasing;

The material cycle is global and repetitive;

Matter is the carrier of energy flow; Energy is the driving force of the material cycle; Information transfer can regulate the interspecific relationship of organisms and maintain the stability of ecosystems.

Ecosystem energy flow is characterized by:

1) The utilization rate of solar energy by green plants is very low;

2) energy flows in only one direction;

3) the energy in the flow gradually decreases;

4) the energy utilization rate between consumers at all levels is also not high (10%);

5) The structure and function of ecosystems can only be in dynamic equilibrium when the energy produced and the energy consumed are in balance.