Regarding the content of the Northern Song Dynasty science, what is the content of the Song and Ming

Zhou Dunyi was regarded as the science of the Northern Song Dynasty by Zhu Xi and others"Founding Patriarch"。

Zhou Dunyi (1017-1073), formerly known as Stocky, avoided the old Yingzong and changed to Dunyi, the word Uncle Mao, settled under the lotus peak of Lushan Mountain in his later years, and named after the water of his hometown Yingdao"Lianxi"Named the creek and the study hall in front of the hall, so the scholar Xi called Mr. Lianxi, a native of Yingdao (now Hunan County) in Daozhou in the Northern Song Dynasty. Confucian scholar of the Northern Song Dynasty, philosopher, one of the founders of science, and one of the founders of science in the Song and Ming dynasties"Lian Xue"That is, it was named after Zhou Dunyi.

Zhou Dunyi successively served as the manager of the Nan'an Army, the general judge of Qianzhou, and the Zhinan Kangjun. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, masters of science in the Northern Song Dynasty, once learned from it. He is proficient in the study of "Yi", and is the author of "Taiji Tushuo" (whose real name is "Taiji Tu Yi Shuo"), Tongshu, and Zhou Dunyi's "Yi" study belongs to the Song "Yi"."Elephant number"One faction, Zhu Zhen and Hu Hong of the Southern Song Dynasty all said that their learning came from the Huashan Taoist Chen Shu from the Five Dynasties to the early Song Dynasty.

His Taiji Tu Yi Shuo (the original name of Tai Chi Tu Shuo) critically absorbed the Taoist theory of cosmogenesis and combined it with the theory of the universe of the Yi Chuan system to construct the basic cosmogenesis model of Confucian philosophy. His "General Book" put forward many conceptual propositions such as Confucian mental decline, ethics, and labor theory, although it was still relatively simple.

Zhou Dunyi admired Confucius very much, he said:"The morality is high, the education is endless, and the heaven and the earth are the same, and it is only Confucius. "He focused on the philosophy of "Zhou Yi" and the "Mean"."Sincerity"thoughts.

He proposed:"Infinite and Tai Chi. Tai Chi moves and generates yang, moving poles and stillness, static and generating yin, and static poles removing.

One movement - static, each other is its root; Divide yin and yang, and stand on the two instruments. Yang becomes yin and gives birth to water, fire, wood, metal, and earth. "People and all things are made of"Infinite Truth"It is formed by yin and yang, the five elements, sympathetic and incarnated.

Man is the spirit of all things, and the sage determines the basic laws of the world according to the nature of yin and yang and the five elements, saying:"The form is born, God knows it, the five ** move and the good and evil are divided, and everything is out of the way. The saint is determined to be righteous and benevolent, and the Lord is quiet, and the person is extremely strong.

Ibid.)"Sincerity"for"The foundation of the five constants, the source of a hundred lines", said:"Sincerity is clear, God should be wonderful, and a few are quiet. Sincerity, God, several, said saints.

"Tongshu") believes that the world will be harmonious when everything has its own reason.

The theory of the Song and Ming dynasties included the legitimacy and inevitability of Confucianism, Mencius of the pre-Qin period made an argument on the Confucian theory of sexual goodness from the theory of the "four ends," Xunzi made an argument on the theory of sexual evil from the theory of sexual hypocrisy, and Dong Zhongshu grafted Confucian morality onto the world view of emphasizing the difference between yin and yang, and made a theological argument on Confucianism.

In the view of Song and Ming Confucianists, these previous arguments were either "unprepared" (insufficient, as in Mencius) or "unclear" (confusing or erroneous, such as Xunzi and Yangxiong), while Dong's arguments for the yin and yang disasters and theologies were more superficial and in fact misguided.

In order to establish Confucian metaphysics, on the one hand, they borrowed from the achievements of Taoism, metaphysics, and even Taoism and Buddhism in philosophical ontology, and on the other hand, they looked for factors that could be used to construct philosophical metaphysics in traditional Confucianism, such as the Taoist concept of Zhou Yi, which is listed as the first of the "Six Classics" and the most metaphysical nature, Confucius's "benevolence", and Mencius and Zhongyong's questions on the issue of "sex" and "heaven".

Summary. What does Song Ming science consist of?

In a broad sense, Song and Ming Dynasty science refers to the dominant Confucian philosophical thought system formed since the Song and Ming dynasties, and there are two kinds:

1) In the Song Dynasty, the dominant Taoism with Luoxue as the main backbone, to the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi reached the peak of the ideological system with "reason" as the highest category of limbs, and later it was customary to use "Reason" to refer to its ideological system.

2) "Mind Studies" represented by Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Shouren. Born in the Song Dynasty and dominated by Yu Xianshen in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the ideological system with hail bending "heart" as the highest category.

In a narrow sense, Song and Ming theory refers to the Cheng Zhu school.

Zhang Zai (1020-1077), a philosopher of the Northern Song Dynasty, was one of the founders of science.

Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi: Cheng Hao (AD 1032-1085), the word Bochun, also known as Mr. Mingdao; Cheng Yi (1033-1107 AD), the word Zhengshu, also known as Mr. Yichuan. Known as "Ercheng" by the world, he was a famous physicist and educator in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Zhu Xi (, a famous physicist in the Southern Song Dynasty, a master of science, author of "Notes on the Collection of Four Books and Chapters and Sentences".

Lu Jiuyuan (1139-1193), known as Mr. Cunzhai in the world. He was a famous physicist, thinker and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the founder of the Song and Ming dynasties. Mind is an important branch or school of science.

Zhu Xi is the main one known as the master of the gathering.

External factors: Influenced by Buddhism and Taoism. Zen Buddhism's approach to clear mind and nature is the most influential.

The purpose of the legislature written by the physicists is to save the world and the people, and to seek to build a perfect society and life, so ethics is still the main thing. Therefore, the result of the fusion of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism is the result of the science of science.

Own reasons: the ideological changes of Confucianism itself. From the Han Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Confucianism has changed from the Confucian studies of Confucius, Meng, and Xun to the study of scriptures.

Moreover, the so-called scriptures have become ancient scriptures that focus on exegesis and evidence. It is committed to textual exegesis of famous objects, and the analysis of chapters and sentences has been suspected of focusing on book research. Jingsheng likes to boast of erudition, and the notes are becoming more and more complicated, and the Tang people are negligent, and the examples are not broken, that is, if there are mistakes, they will also make up for it.

The root cause is political necessity.

Zhao Kuangyin took control by mutiny, and the Zhao royal family always had this sense of distress, and he needed a cultural tool to maintain its position.