How do you evaluate Kublai Khan s Challenge ?

Rather than the best scholarly work, Masaaki Sugiyama criticized Wallerstein's theory of the world system, but he merely shifted it from the center of Europe to the center of Mongolia, and regarded the era of Kublai Khan as the period of the formation of the world system. In fact, if we take into account the civil war between Ali Buge and Kublai Khan after Möngke's death, and the struggle between the kings of the Chagatai system of Ogedai, it is debatable whether the world system is really so strong, and whether the so-called Mongol era was designed by Kublai Khan or his staff group There is still room for proof, and some of the arguments still have room for in-depth development, but the contribution of Masaaki Sugiyama's book is that it can arouse the academic attention of a Mongol era and allow the academic community to reflect on the Eurocentric and Sinocentric theories that have always been in place. Such a discussion may provide a better look at this era.

It may be that the positioning of this book is different, and the author has taken a bigger step than other Japanese researchers, and he dares to talk about many places. There are many basic historical facts that point out the place of the history of the Mongol Empire in the world. But it is really difficult to attribute and summarize by the length of this book.

The lack of detailed evidence in the traditional style has led to a lot of criticism of the arguments, such as the problem of Urutek, which is really worthy of detailing. There are also some places that are a bit of a guess.

The history of Mongolia with a big brain, the details are up for debate, offers a different perspective. In the excavation of multilingual historical sources such as Persian and Arabic, the author apparently failed to rigorously indicate the specific sources of his references. There are some conjectures, the writing is smooth, the story is brilliant but the conclusion is not convincing.

There is no citation, and some of the authenticity needs to be investigated, but this kind of historical information that subverts conventional cognition is still more useful, allowing you to re-understand what a huge empire the Yuan Dynasty during the period of Kublai Khan was, but in terms of historical facts, whether the Kublai Khan period really did not use the hierarchy system, this expression is doubtful, whether the Han people or other ethnic groups at that time were really as stated in the book"Khan people"？However, in terms of the three generals of Mongolia, Han, and Islam who combined their experience to manage the country, Kublai Khan was still a Ming monarch.

It has to be admitted that the important position of the Mongol and Yuan dynasties in world history and the great role of the Mongol Empire in promoting the turn of Eurasian history are debatable, but according to the author, it seems that the Kublai Khan Empire was the germ of modern capitalism in Western Europe. In any case, some of the author's conclusions are quite novel, such as the possibility of the triumph of economics and ** over ideology.

Masaaki Sugiyama is great in the academic world, but I don't like the ...... of this bookThe information is too fragmented, and it is more like Mr. Sugiyama's class Q&A documentary, which makes people confused about the system and context. There are long reviews of the book, professionally written, and the book is highly rated. But I really don't like it, and it may have something to do with my personal habit of reading books about history.

Some new perspectives are not bad as research directions. But there is one point I agree with: the Mongol conquest of Europe and Asia brought about commercial connectivity, the change of ideas, and the Yongle Emperor, we were in the lead.

Then he fell into backwardness and was passively beaten in modern times. If there is a constant commercial boom, could it be a different story?

Kublai Khan was a relatively successful feudal monarch. He was one of the few Mongol rulers who valued Han culture and admired Confucianism. Although they come from nomadic peoples, they attach great importance to the restoration and development of agriculture in the Central Plains.

Kublai Khan was a Mongol on horseback, whether it was his grandfather Genghis Khan or his father Torre, both of whom were good at leading troops into war and were excellent military strategists.

It is cheap to buy online (in fact, the logistics cost is added to buy online, and it is difficult to sell after-sales, and how can you choose an electric car without a test ride?) )

Kublai Khan was a relatively successful founder of the new order, one of the few Mongol rulers who could attach importance to Han culture and Confucianism, and although he came from a nomadic people, he attached great importance to the restoration and development of agriculture in the Central Plains.

(2016 Suizhou) Yuan Shizu opened up an unprecedented scale of shipping, transporting grain from the south to Dadu The starting point of the Yuan Dynasty shipping was Liujiagang.

Kublai Khan was the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, and the temple name was Yuan Shizu. He was an outstanding statesman and military strategist, and the founder of the glorious history of the Mongolian nation. During his reign, he pioneered the provincial system, strengthened the centralization of power, attached importance to agricultural production, governed rivers, and emphasized Confucianism to govern the country, which gradually restored and developed the social economy, and laid a good foundation for the unified action of the Yuan Dynasty.

Kublai Khan as a conqueror brought havoc on the people of the conquered regions, but he still received good reviews in history. Kublai Khan was a relatively successful founder of the new order. He was one of the few Mongol rulers who valued Han culture and admired Confucianism.

Although they come from nomadic peoples, they attach great importance to the restoration and development of agriculture in the Central Plains. Zhang Fan, a professor of history at Peking University, believes that Kublai Khan's "historical merit" lies in his acceptance of Han culture. Marco Polo revered Kublai Khan as "the great monarch or emperor of all monarchs", praised Kublai Khan as "a powerful monarch with a wide range of people, land, and goods in the world since Adam, the distant ancestor of mankind", and believed that "he really has the right to be called by this name".

Kublai Khan was a relatively successful founder of the new order. He was one of the few Mongol rulers who valued Han culture and admired Confucianism. Although they come from nomadic peoples, they attach great importance to the restoration and development of agriculture in the Central Plains.

Zhang Fan, a professor of history at Peking University, believes that Kublai Khan's "historical merit" lies in his acceptance of Han culture. Marco Polo revered Kublai Khan as "the great monarch or emperor of all monarchs", praised Kublai Khan as "a powerful monarch with a wide range of people, land, and goods in the world since Adam, the distant ancestor of mankind", and believed that "he really has the right to be called by this name".

Historical figures, not good to evaluate.

Not very famous, or Genghis Khan is powerful.

Kublai Khan was overshadowed by Temujin's great name.