What is the evolution process from forest peak to solitary peak in karst landform?

2. Moderate to heavy rainfall; 3. Smooth groundwater circulation. Limestone (calcium carbonate.

It is prone to dissolution in slightly acidic water, which is widely found in nature. Rainwater penetrates into the limestone along horizontal and vertical cracks, dissolving and carrying the limestone away. Since the surface material is also carried away by the flowing water, the limestone that has not yet been dissolved forms the limestone karst face.

The vertical cracks developed along the joints gradually widen and deepen, forming a rocky topography. As rainwater flows along the cracks in the ground, the cracks widen and deepen until they finally form a cave system or underground channel. Narrow vertical longitudinal shafts connect to these channels, allowing surface water to flow smoothly through the underground rivers.

Most of the world's largest caves are karst areas. According to the development and evolution, karst landforms.

The following 6 types can be distinguished: 1. Surface water dissolves along the joint plane or fracture surface in the limestone to form a karst ditch (or karst groove), and the limestone originally distributed in layers is separated into stone pillars or stalagmites by the karst ditch. 2. Surface water seeps and dissolves downward along the limestone cracks, and forms a sinkhole after exceeding 100 meters deep.

3. Lateral flow occurs after the groundwater falling from the sinkhole to the aquifer to form a karst cave. 4. With the formation of underground caves, the surface collapses, and the depth of the collapse is large and small, which is called the collapse funnel, and the depth is small and the area is large. 5. The long-term combination of groundwater dissolution and collapse has formed a slope valley and a natural bridge.

6. The ground rises, the original karst cave and underground river are lifted out of the surface into dry valleys and stone forests, and the dissolution of groundwater in the old karst caves and underground rivers in the south of Yunnan Road is the product of the first stage (dissolution ditch stage), and the natural scenery here is due to Ashima.

The girl's moving legend has become particularly charming. Guilin's Elephant Trunk Mountain.

It was formed by the outcropping of the original underground channel.

The evolution process from forest peak to solitary peak in karst landform is as follows:

1.First of all, in the early karst landscape, the topographic cutting was relatively weak, the crustal rise was relatively slow, and the surface water and groundwater alternately circulated, so that the limestone was constantly dissolved and redeposited. In this process, the materials in the limestone gradually formed forms such as stone buds, karst ditches and funnels, which were the prototypes of Lin Feng.

2.Over time, the water table is constantly changing, the terrain cutting becomes relatively stronger, and the earth's crust rises faster. At this time, the independent karst caves gradually merged into a unified system, and the groundwater level also tended to be the same.

In this process, the forest peak gradually evolved into dissolution depressions and peak forests.

3.If the earth's crustal rise continues, the water table will continue to fall and the ground will begin to erode. In this process, the dissolution depressions and peak forests will be exposed due to collapse, and the underground rivers will gradually transform into surface rivers. This stage is the transition stage from Lin Feng to Gu Feng.

4.Finally, if the earth's crust continues to rise, the water table will drop to its lowest point, and surface rivers will continue to erode and expand, forming karst basins. In this process, the original peak forest will gradually evolve into a solitary peak, which is what we often call a karst solitary peak.

In summary, the evolution process from forest peak to solitary peak is one of the common evolutionary patterns in karst landforms. The occurrence of this process requires the accumulation of time and changes in the geological environment, including fluctuations in the groundwater level, changes in the rise of the earth's crust, and erosion of surface rivers.

1. The limestone area has been eroded by flowing water and precipitated by calcare.

The following landform types, which all belong to the above-ground karst landform, are (a.).Stone pillars, peak forests, dissolution depressions bClusters of peaks, sinkholes, dissolution depressions.

c.Stone pillars, stone stalactites, underground rivers dLonely peaks, karst caves, sinkholes.

Answers to test questions. Answer] B

Analysis] This question examines the types of karst landforms. There are two types of karst landforms: surface and underground. The above-ground karst landforms include lone peaks, peak forests, peak clusters, depressions, hills, Zhuchang sinkholes, Zheng Zewu dissolution depressions and dry valleys and other landforms, while underground is the development of underground rivers and karst caves, and there are colorful stalagmites, stalactites and stone pillars in the karst caves.

Therefore, choose B.

Karst landform, also known as karst landform.

The name ** is the name of the place in the northwest of Yugoslavia, where this landform is also more typical--- in fact the earliest scientific research on him was Xu Xiake in our country.

The reason for the formation of this landform is that in areas where limestone (and of course other soluble rocks) are distributed, it contains carbon dioxide.

The chemical erosion (that is, dissolution) of the rock occurs by the flowing water, so that the flat surface is dissolved into a large number of uneven shapes, and the area with low terrain is concentrated, and the chemical erosion is more powerful, and the remaining part is a peak forest.

In fact, in addition to the peak forest of the surface oak crack, there are underground karst caves, as well as stalactites, stalagmites, stone pillars, etc. in the karst caves--- in which the origin of the karst caves is exactly the same as the peak forest, and the origin of the stalactites, stalagmites, and stone pillars is just the opposite, which is formed by chemical deposition, because we know that CaCO3+H2O+CO2---Ca(HCO3)2

This process is a reversible reaction, when the carbon dioxide content is high, the limestone dissolves, and when the carbon dioxide content is low, calcium carbonate occurs.

Precipitation. China is a karst landform in the world.

The most typical source branch area is mainly distributed in southwest China.

This is especially true on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.

We are familiar with the Lunan Stone Forest and Guilin landscapes.

Answer: The karst peak forest and the landform of the Gufeng Plain are not only the chemical dissolution of flowing water, but also the physical scouring effect of flowing water, and its basic formation conditions are: limestone area, precipitation and heat conditions are relatively superior.

Karst peak forests are formed under high temperature and high humidity climatic conditions, and are distributed in areas with an average annual temperature of 20 and annual rainfall of more than 1500 mm. High temperature and humidity, lush vegetation, rapid microbial reproduction, high partial pressure of CO2 in soil and strong dissolution are important conditions for the formation of tropical karst peak forests. Narrow peak forests are developed in marginal plains formed by flooding with strong horizontal karst water circulation.

Due to the side erosion and erosion of the mountain body of the peak forest by the flood, the foot hole is developed at the base, and the cliff wall continues to collapse and retreat, making the slope of the peak forest steep and straight. Fenglin (narrowly defined) is distributed in relatively flat areas in southern China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Sumatra, Jamaica, Cuba and other places, with Guilin and Yangshuo being the most typical ones in China (Figure 1). Peak clusters are developed in areas with strong vertical circulation of karst water.

The vertical circulation is conducive to the formation and development of karst depressions, so the peak clusters are always associated with the depressions. The peak clusters are distributed in higher areas in southern China, Laos, Vietnam, Java, Jamaica and other places, with the western part of Guangxi and Guizhou being the most spectacular (Figure 2) (see color map).

The differences in the distribution of peak forests and peak clusters reflect the intensity of crustal movement. The peak forests are distributed in the areas where the regional crustal movement is slightly rising, and the crustal rising intensity in these areas is basically balanced with the ground downcutting speed between the pinnacles, so the pinnacles are flat or have very low passes. The karst peak forest in China was formed on the basis of the quasi-plain after the Yanshan Movement, and was under the condition of slight rise for a long time.

Most of the world's tropical karst regions slowly rose from the sea after the Miocene, and their formation time was relatively short. Therefore, China's karst peak forest has a unique characteristics of being tall and majestic. The groundwater level in the Fenglin area is shallow, and there are many horizontal caves, which are often tourist attractions.

The peak clusters are distributed in areas with strong crustal movements. The peak forest landform in the upper part indicates that the crustal movement intensity is small at the time of formation. The lower part of the mountain and its high intermountain pass indicate that the upward velocity of the earth's crust is much higher than the downward cutting velocity of the ground in the pass. Therefore, the peak cluster landform indicates the process of the crustal rising intensity from weak to strong.

The groundwater in Fengcong area is deeply buried, the groundwater system is developed, and the basin area is large, and the basin area of the Disu groundwater system in Du'an County, Guangxi Province is about 1000 square kilometers. There are fewer horizontal caves and more vertical caves in the peak cluster area.

The relative height of the peak forest in the narrow sense is generally 100 200 meters, the diameter is much smaller than the height, the slope is steep, most of the pins are above 60°, or even upright, towering on the plain in the shape of towers or fortresses, and there are micro-forms such as stone buds and dissolution ditches on the surface (see karst landform). The peak cluster is a kind of composite landform, the upper part of the search is a towering typical peak forest form, the lower part is the bedrock mountain that is connected to each other, the belt between the peaks forms a U-shaped pass, and the height difference from the peak of the peak to the pass is not more than one-third of the height of the whole peak. The slope of the peak cluster is gentle, generally 30° 60°, and the relative height of the entire peak cluster can reach 300 600 meters.

Karst landform is a general term for the surface and underground forms formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks (mostly limestone) by water with dissolution power, also known as karst landform. In addition to dissolution, it also includes mechanical erosion processes such as erosion, latent erosion, and collapse of flowing water. China's karst landform has a wide distribution area, such as Guangxi, Yunnan and other places.

The main characteristics of karst landform are reflected in karst caves, sinkholes and other geographical phenomena. Typical cities such as Guilin, Kunming, Liuzhou, Guiyang, etc.

It is not uncommon for karst landforms to have flying peaks, such as stone forests.

c Karst peak forest, Gufeng plain landform has both the chemical dissolution of flowing water and the physical erosion of flowing water, and its basic formation conditions are: limestone area, precipitation, heat conditions are relatively superior.