What are some of the most unexpected discoveries and inventions in the history of science?

Microwave, x-ray.

During World War II (1945), Spencer, a radar engineer in the United States, accidentally found that the chocolate chunks in his pocket were melted and sticky while doing radar experiments, and he suspected that it was caused by his own body temperature, and later discovered the thermal effect of microwaves in many consecutive tests. Taking advantage of this thermal effect, the United States issued the first patent for the use of microwaves in 1945, and in 1947, the Raytheon Company of the United States developed the world's first microwave oven - radar furnace, and in the 40s, microwave ovens were mostly used in industry and commerce. After continuous improvement, in 1955 the household microwave oven was born in Western Europe, the 60s began to enter the family, in the 70s, due to the radiation safety, the convenience of operation that is, the solution of multi-function and other problems, so that the cost of the microwave oven continues to decline, it has been further popularized and used, and formed an important family industry, while the variety and technology continue to improve.

In the 80s and 90s, control technology and sensing technology were continuously applied, making microwave ovens widely popularized.

X-rays were first discovered by Tesla, who developed many experiments to produce them. Tesla thinks that with his circuit, "my instrument can produce much more energy than an average instrument can produce with Ax light (i.e., X-rays)." ”

He also talked about the hazards of using his circuits and single-node X-rays to generate equipment while working. In his many records investigating this phenomenon, he attributed many of the causes that led to the ** injury. He believes that the early ** damage was not caused by X-rays, but by the production of ozone and contact with **, and some nitrite acid.

Tesla mistakenly believed that X-rays were made up of separated particles.

Tesla completed a number of experiments and confirmed his findings before Roentgen (including X-rays of his hand**, which he later sent to Roentgenium), but did not make his findings known, and most of his research was destroyed in a laboratory fire on Fifth Avenue in March 1895.

Professor Röntgen, Rector of the University of Würzburg and Director of the Institute of Physics (1845-1923), discovered X-rays while he was engaged in the study of cathode rays.

American inventor Plankett invented a substance called "Teflon" in 1938, its melting point is quite high, and not afraid of acid, water, heat, is a new type of lubricant, at first it was only used in industry and life, no one thought that this substance could also be used in the kitchen, and so on a whim in 1954, the wife of a French engineer had a whim, and this substance was applied to the frying pan for cooking, and then there was a non-stick pan.

The microwave oven was also invented by accident. In 1946, when the American senior engineer Spencer was working in the laboratory, he wanted to invent a more powerful microwave emitting magnetron, and when he tested it in front of the model, he found that the chocolate bar in his pocket melted when it was close to the magnetron, and he realized that it was microwave radiation that baked the chocolate, and Spencer realized that the technology could be used in cooking, and later he had a microwave oven.

Bordeaux is a small town in France, out of the potato. One year, all the potatoes in France were stricken with late blight, and the late blight was so severe that the diseased potato fields were burned as if they had been burned by fire, but the potatoes from Bordeaux were unharmed. Everyone, what is the reasoning behind this?

It turned out that there was a copper mine outside Bordeaux, and a small river flowed from the mine, and the riverbed was limestone. The water is blue and inedible, and the peasants use it to water the land. Could it be that this river keeps Bordeaux's potatoes disease-free?

So there was Bordeaux liquid in the world.

Newton was inadvertently hit by an apple and then discovered gravity.

Newton was smashed by an apple. Then it was discovered that the earth is gravitational.

**, microwave oven, pacemaker are all counted.

For example, there is also the discovery of gravity.

I think the discovery of gravity was the most unexpected.

Newton's gravitational force is the most typical example.

Induction cooker, X-ray or whatever.

Due to experimental errors, the discovery of conductive polymers has increased the number of catalysts by a factor of a thousand. In 1967, Korean students at the laboratory of Hideki Shirakawa at Tokyo Institute of Technology accidentally synthesized a polyacetylene film with a metallic luster of silver-white ribbons. This polymer was previously in the form of a white powder.

Through the analysis of the experimental process, Shirakawa found that because the experimenters understood the millimole in the experimental protocol as mole, the Ziegler-Natta catalyst used was 1,000 times the normal amount, and the polyacetylene sample was highly crystalline and formed a fibrous structure.

After doping with a small amount of bromine, the conductivity of polyacetylene was increased by a factor of 100 million, which is close to the conductivity of silver, and they worked with physicist Alan Jayeg to study the doping mechanism. From the discovery of miracles in the waste tank - jellyfish and green fluorescein (GFP 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry), no one has ever told such a classic story as GFP at a glance. In fact, a lot of science ** is telling this historical process, so here is a brief talk about Osamu Shimomura.

In Japan in 1956, the young Osamu Shimomura (pictured above) finally analyzed the structure of fluorescein, the fluorescent ** of beetles. But what he didn't know was that his leaders forgot to tell the subject that many people failed to come back. The success of fluorescein inspired Osamu Shimomura to study another creature that glows uncanny, the crystal jellyfish.

According to Fresnel theory, if an opaque round plate is placed in the path of light propagation.

Since the light is diffracted at the edge of the plate, at a certain distance from the plate, the shadow of the plate should appear bright spots, and it was not surprising that Fresnel and Arago accepted this challenge and soon predicted this theory in experiments, in fact, Einstein discovered the unified relationship between space, time and matter in 1905 and 1915 A.D., and created the "special theory of relativity" and "general relativity" respectively. This is also a mistake.

In 1967, a Korean student in the laboratory of Hideki Shirakawa at Tokyo Institute of Technology accidentally synthesized a silvery-white polyacetylene film with a metallic luster. Previously, the polymer was in white powder. After analyzing the experimental process, Shirakawa found that the experimenter understood the millimole in the experimental protocol as mole, which led to the use of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst that is usually used in a thousand times, and the polyacetylene sample was highly crystalline and formed a fibrous structure.

Moreover, after doping a small amount of bromine, the conductivity of polyacetylene has become 100 million times that of before, which is close to the conductivity of silver. They then collaborated with physicist Alan Jay Heeger to study the doping mechanism.

In 2000, Shirakawa and his two collaborators, Alan Jay Heeger and Alan MacDiarmi, were recognized for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"Won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

The discovery of penicillin, the emergence of conductive polymers, the structure of fluorescein, the emergence of the LSD psychedelic effect. The invention of the microwave oven.

Penicillin, this invention was caused by accident, this is a great invention, it is a scientific progress, it is a medical progress.

<>1. Fleming was a British scientist and the discoverer of penicillin. When Fleming was a military doctor, he saw many soldiers dying in pain because of infected bacteria in their wounds, and he was determined to find a cure for diseases caused by bacteria. During the experiment, he stumbled upon penicillin.

This miraculous drug has saved countless lives, and it is a success that he and several scientists have achieved through the joint efforts of several scientists;

2. Spring toys: One day in 1943, Richard James, a naval engineer, was trying to figure out how to use springs to fix some of the instruments used on the ship so that they would no longer shake. He randomly tapped a spring-loaded ball with his hand, and instead of falling to the ground, the ball bounced upwards and returned to its original shape.

From this, James invented the spring toy.

One day, German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen was conducting an experiment involving cathode rays. During the test, he found that a piece of fluorescent cardboard on the opposite side of the house had been ignited, indicating that light particles had passed through the obscuration. Astonished, Roentgen soon discovered that this incredible radiation could produce a clear image, and the world's first X-ray** was the skeleton of Roentgen's wife's hand.

Fleming with penicillin.

Fleming was born in Jarre, Scotland, the youngest of eight children to a thrifty and honest father. Due to his family's disadvantage, he was unable to complete his higher education and had to come out at the age of sixteen to earn a living. At the age of twenty, he inherited an inheritance from his aunt so that he could continue his studies. After graduating from medical school at the age of 25, he has been engaged in medical research.

In 1928, Fleming was lecturing bacteriology at the University of London and accidentally discovered that mold had a bactericidal effect, which looked like a brush under the microscope, so Fleming called it "penicillin" (the original meaning of penicillin is fine-haired). From this time on, Fleming began to systematically study penicillin, and it was not until 1938 that penicillin was officially used on patients. During World War II, penicillin saved countless lives.

The story of Newton and Apple.

For a long time, Newton believed that there must be a mysterious force that pulls the planets in the solar system around the sun. But what kind of force is this?

Until one day, when Newton was thinking under an apple tree in the garden, and an apple fell at his feet, Newton finally had an epiphany, and his problem was gradually solved.

Legend has it that in the autumn of 1665, Newton sat under an apple tree in his yard and pondered the cause of the planets' orbits. At this moment, an apple happened to fall, and it landed at Newton's feet. It was a moment of discovery, and this time the apple's whereabouts were different from countless previous apple drops, and the country caught Newton's attention for it.

Newton found the reason for the fall of the apple from the natural phenomenon of the apple falling to the ground - the effect of gravity, this invisible force from the earth pulls the apple down, just as the earth pulls the moon and makes the moon move around the earth.

There are many scientific discoveries and inventions in human history that have had a profound impact on human life and civilization. The following sections will detail some of the most important scientific discoveries and inventions in the history of mankind.

The first invention to mention is language, and it is thanks to language that humans are human. Language is one of the most sophisticated tools of human beings to transmit human culture, knowledge, and experience. It allows people to communicate and understand the thoughts and wishes of others, thus promoting cooperation and solidarity.

The invention of language also became the basis for other major scientific discoveries and inventions.

The second was the agricultural revolution, where humans began to cultivate from the beginning of their sedentary journey, and over time, humans began to engage in more efficient farming and animal husbandry, which was the agricultural revolution. This apparent progress has given people time to focus on other activities, such as science and the arts, and has fundamentally changed human society.

The third is mathematics, which is an exact language that allows people to perform complex calculations and models. This tool is used in architectural design, astronomy, physics, engineering, and many other scientific fields. Mathematics allows people to study and understand the nature of all things.

The fourth is the development of printing, which is a major invention in human history. The importance of making writing more economical and making it easier for cultural and scientific knowledge to spread farther afield.

The fifth is the development of modern medicine, the discovery of which has made many conditions that would otherwise be fatal possible or controlled. From medicines** to surgical techniques, the development of modern medicine has provided humans with a longer life and a higher quality of life.

The sixth is the development of information technology and Internet technology, which allows people to use knowledge on a global scale, so that they can achieve faster communication and exchange. Individuals or small groups can have their own ** or app that provides information and services.

In conclusion, in the history of mankind, there have been many scientific discoveries and inventions that have had a profound impact on human life and civilization. The inventions discussed above are only part of the story, but suffice it to say one thing: humanity's greatest achievement is that it has changed and shaped our world through scientific discoveries and inventions.

Of course, it's "Universe", after reading "Universe", you will really realize the insignificance of human beings, compared to the universe, human beings are just ants. But the incomparable self-confidence of human beings is often the destruction of the ultimate ** of human beings, so human beings will not be destroyed by all ignorant things, but may be exterminated by themselves.

The book even goes so far as to explain the origin of life, telling that the reason for the arrival of Homo sapiens was the result of human interaction and mutual exchange. Because human beings are social animals, it will lead to the development of civilization, evolution, and the current us.

As the years passed, generations learned the knowledge of their ancestors. The clearer you understand the position of the sun, moon, and stars, the better you will be able to grasp the timing of hunting, sowing, harvesting, and tribal gatherings. As the accuracy of measurements improved, people had to keep records, so the development of astronomy gave impetus to the development of measurement technology, mathematics, and writing.