Characteristics of cultural relics of the Western Zhou Dynasty 10, characteristics of cultural relic

The social economy of the Western Zhou Dynasty was more developed than that of the Shang Dynasty. The extensive use of bronze tools provided society with more surplus labor products and led to the development of various handicraft industries. Bronze craftsmanship flourished further, and in addition to the bronze workshops controlled by the royal family, the vassal states also had their own bronze workshops.

Bronze products are more numerous and have a wider range of uses, touching almost every aspect of social life. The development of the bronze industry has promoted the prosperity of other industries. The use of writing was also more extensive, in addition to the inscription on the oracle bones, inscriptions were cast on tens of thousands of bronze objects, recording many events that occurred in the social life of the time.

The largest one was cast with 499 characters, which was no less than a document at the time. There have also been many new advances in science and technology such as agriculture, animal husbandry, textiles, metallurgy, construction, astronomy, and geography. These achievements have led to changes in people's production and life.

Archaeologists have found artificially smelted iron tools in tombs in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, indicating that at least in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, people have mastered the technology of artificial iron smelting. This discovery shows that man has mastered another effective means in the struggle to transform the objective world.

In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were iron products, and there were some modified agricultural tools such as ploughs, and the words about clothing "clothes with knots" were said to be that the left and right sides intersected as the chest, and there was a curved skirt that was covered to the side, and then the clothing style was tied with a wide belt. This style of clothing, through the upper and lower clothes even subordinate, knee-length, curved collar on the right, called "deep clothes" in the book of rites, "Rites and deep clothes" said that its system "curved like a moment to respond to the square", the old note: "Jacket, curved collar also."

"Urgent Chapter" cloud: "The leader of the song, I am afraid that the neck is also embraced on it, and its shape is wide and curved, because of the name cloud." "This style of clothing, judging from the physical materials of the portraits unearthed underground, has been the common clothing of residents in this region from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, both men and women.

During the Western Han Dynasty, the use of oxen ploughing and iron tools was already very common. At the same time, the handicraft industry has also developed enormously. In particular, the textile industry and porcelain production are well developed.

The Western Han Dynasty was a dynasty with very developed commerce in ancient China, and the stability of the country and the development of transportation provided a good environment for the development of commerce. Not only domestically, but also externally is also very developed. Through the Silk Road, the Western Han Dynasty even had indirect relations with ancient Rome, India and other countries.

The bronzes of the Western Zhou Dynasty have more characteristics of the times, tending to be simple and long-term. The wine vessels, horns, sashes, goblets, fangyi, etc. have basically disappeared, and the pots, rongli, bowls, bottles, birds and beasts bottles still remain.

The bowls, bowls and water fillers of the food container are new types of utensils, which are generous and practical. 匜, a set of plates, need to be used, found often unearthed together. The "Book of Rites Internal Rules" records:

Enter, the young serve the plate, the elderly serve water, please wo, the pawn, and give the scarf. "The luxurious life of the aristocracy can be seen. The bronze bell has developed from a group of 3 pieces to a group of 8 pieces.

The Lieding system was particularly prevalent during this period. It also often appears in an even number, matching the tripod.

The instrument type is on the tripod, and the retort is mostly made of hoof-shaped feet, and the Mao Gong Ding can be used as a typical representative. Some of the tripods and plates have mouths, and some of the plates have abdominal ears. There are often 3 legs under the ring foot.

The mustache is mostly folded, the arc crotch, there is a special shape of the mustache with the stove, and a relief of the figurines who was tortured is also cast outside the door of the square stove. The pot generally has a collar double animal ear. The strikers are mostly triangular in shape.

In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, there were also ornaments with the artistic style of the times, such as ring belt pattern, plagiarism pattern, scale pattern, heavy ring pattern, and tile pattern. However, there are also many utensils with plain surfaces or only a few strings on the body.

Because the makers pay more attention to the inscriptions, the new ornamentation inevitably has a rough and sloppy feeling. The animal face pattern is generally no longer used as a theme decoration, but is often used as a decoration on the upper end of the foot. Bird prints continue to be popular.

The bronzes of the late Western Zhou Dynasty continued the changes of simplicity in shape and ornamentation in the middle period, and eliminated the early factors that were preserved in the middle period. The common types of utensils are Ding, Gui, Mustache, Pot, Zun, Pan, Qiang, etc., and the varieties are significantly reduced.

In addition to the weeping belly tripod in the middle period, there is also a round bottom tripod, which is a beast's hoofed foot. Decoration is only popular with wavy patterns, heavy ring patterns, scale patterns, straight lines, and rarely complicated animal patterns, such as royal heavy weapons such as Gui are also straight lines. The inscription is long, and the longest known bronze inscription "Mao Gongding" has 497 characters.

One of the main properties of cultural relics is materiality. Cultural relics are tangible cultural carriers of historical history, and they are human history.

Testimony to development. Whether it is an immovable cultural relic or a movable cultural relic, it is built and made with certain material materials. For example, ancient artifacts made of metal and non-metallic materials, such as bronze, gold, silver, iron, stone, bone, pottery, jade, wood, etc.

The importance of cultural relics:

Historical relics play an extremely important role in the study of specialized history. The study of the history of agriculture, animal husbandry, textiles, ceramics, metallurgy, architecture, transportation, astronomy, sculpture, medicine and other professional histories is inseparable from historical materials, especially primitive societies.

There is no written record, only relying on cultural relics and historical materials.

With the development of science and technology, the material composition of cultural relics and the information stored in them are more and more clearly understood, which can provide more detailed and accurate information for the research and writing of special histories. As tangible objects, cultural relics are very vivid physical historical materials in the study of paintings, sculptures and other special histories. It has a more special value than literature.

Cultural relics refer to specific material remains, and its basic characteristics are:

First, it must have been created by humans or related to human activity.

Second, it must be a thing of the past that has become history, and it is impossible to recreate it.

3. According to the characteristics of cultural relics and the specific situation of China's preservation of cultural relics, contemporary China regards the term "cultural relics" as a general term for all valuable material relics left over from the process of the historical development of human society, created by human beings, or related to human activities.

The role of cultural relics value

The value of cultural relics is objective and inherent in the cultural relics themselves. Generally speaking, cultural relics mainly have historical, artistic and scientific value. The role of cultural relics is the concrete embodiment of the value of cultural relics.

The positive role that cultural relics can play in the society mainly includes the role of education, reference and providing information for scientific research.

The value and role of cultural relics are related and different. People's understanding of the value of cultural relics is not completed at one time, but with the development of society and the continuous improvement of people's scientific and cultural level. The role of cultural relics depends on the value of cultural relics, so the role of cultural relics will also change with the deepening of people's understanding of the value of cultural relics.

The cultural system of the Zhou Dynasty was a system of ritual music, and an ideological system of subordination of ritual with music. The "rites" are used to distinguish the patriarchal hierarchical order from near and far, and at the same time, the hierarchical order of "rites" is used to harmonize with the "rites", and the two complement each other. The hierarchy set within the ruling class is embodied in the form of "eight sons of heaven, six princes, and four princes".

The ranks of the ancient dance team, eight people in a row, called a hundred. According to the weekly ceremony, the dance team of the Son of Heaven uses eight 丫 (i.e., sixty-four people), six 丫 for the princes, four 丫 for the princes, and two 丫 for the scholars. In this way, the use of different classes and thus the number of dancers is to instill in the people the idea of hierarchical order that no one can compete with the supremacy of the monarchy.

The cultural system of the Zhou Dynasty is the ritual music system, another perfect culture of the Zhou Dynasty is the ritual music culture, the Zhou rites are very complicated, according to the "Zhou Rites" there are auspicious, fierce, military, guest, Jia five rites, music in the Western Zhou Dynasty attaches great importance to it, there are special officials to manage, and there are music officials in the golden text. The music and dance of the Zhou Dynasty such as "Dawu" was composed by King Keshang of Zhou Wu. The Zhou Dynasty has a relatively perfect education system, such as "rites", "music", "shooting", "royal", "calligraphy" and "number" six arts are the cultural and educational content of the Zhou Dynasty aristocracy, China's earliest classics such as "Zhou Yi", "Shangshu", "Book of Songs", "Zhou Li", "Book of Music" (has been lost), "Spring and Autumn" all produced this period, as well as the Spring and Autumn period of the Zhuzi doctrine and so on.

Compared with the Shang Dynasty, the number of bronze inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty has increased significantly, from the most than 40 characters in the previous Shang Dynasty to a long inscription of several hundred words.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the ornamentation was exquisite, and there were many inscriptions. In addition to the pottery fan method of smelting and casting, it also continued the tradition of casting small pieces of bronze and uncomplicated artifacts with stone fans in the Xia and Shang periods. Because the stone fan method can only make some simple tools and first-class bronzes, so to the Western Zhou Dynasty Shi Fan casting bronze method, basically did not develop, in the Western Zhou Dynasty the vast majority of bronze casting or the Tao Fan method casting, only a very small number of bronzes are cast by the stone fan casting method.

Cultural Relic cultural treasures] Historical, artistic value left over from the ages; Refers to the system of ritual music.

Features: First, cultural relics generally have historical, artistic, and scientific values. Specific to each cultural relic, it does not necessarily have the value of three aspects, but at least it must have the value of one of them, otherwise it cannot be called a cultural relic.

Second, cultural relics should be important and representative objects. Without this, it should not be used as a cultural heritage reliction.

Third, the cultural relics protected by the state are of a wide range of nature, and should be representative physical objects that reflect the social system, social production, social life, culture and art, science and technology, and so on. There are extensive and close links between the various aspects of the artefacts. Only by comprehensively protecting cultural relics in all aspects can the value of cultural relics not be compromised.