Why the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Northern and Southern Dynasties are the turning point of China s

The characteristics of the royal gardens during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are as follows:

1. The scale of the garden is relatively small, and there is no record of production and economic operation, but its planning and design tend to be more precise and meticulous. The skill of building mountains and managing water has reached a certain level. There is already the practice of stacking mountains with stones.

Water management is combined with the carvings of garden sketches. The content of the building is diverse, the image is rich, and the multi-storey buildings such as the building stool pavilion and the view have developed, and the platform is rare.

2. The landscape composed of mountains, water, plants, buildings and other gardening elements has been transformed from the realm of the immortals to the creation of secular themes, and the reality of the world has replaced the illusion of the fairy world with more reality. The mainstream of landscaping is still the royal style of pursuing "gold carving".

3. The royal garden can be like Lin began to be affected by the private struggle of the people, and some imperial gardens in the Southern Dynasty were even operated by famous literati at that time.

4. The artificial landscaping that forms the basis of the landform of mountain building and water management has made more use of some freehand techniques, and the creative method of focusing on realism since the Qin and Han dynasties has been transformed into a combination of realism and freehand.

5. The title of the royal garden, in addition to the "palace" and "garden" of the previous generation, is also called "garden". In terms of the nature of the garden, its two categories, the palace and the garden, have the pattern of the "Ouchi Imperial Garden".

Influential gardens in this period, such as the Tongque Terrace built by Cao Cao in the Three Kingdoms Period, the platform was built in Yuncheng (now Linzhang, Henan) five miles from north to south and seven miles from east to west, although the scale is not too large, the planning is quite reasonable, indicating that the urban planning at that time has also had further development. As far as the platform itself is concerned, it is no longer an ordinary building, and there are five-story pavilions, so it can be said that it was a high-rise building at that time. There is a pavilion between the platforms that can be placed or removed (similar to a pontoon bridge), and it is driven by mechanical equipment, which is enough to show the progress of engineering technology at that time.

During the Wei and Jin dynasties of the Three Kingdoms, there were many famous masters who were good at landscape painting. They are good at painting mountain peaks, springs, hills, ravines, rocks, etc. For this reason, on the basis of the emergence and development of landscape painting, the composition, color, layering and beautiful artistic conception provided by the painter often become the reference of garden art.

At this time, the literati doctors even talked about the seclusion of the world, the affection for the landscape, and the retreat as their nobility, and some literati painters regarded themselves as elegant. Therefore, the gardening activities of this period also applied the so-called "poetic and picturesque" to the garden art, which laid the foundation for the development of landscape garden art in the Sui and Tang dynasties.

During the Three Kingdoms, Emperor Wei Wen also "used five-colored stones to set up Jingyang Mountain in Fanglin Garden, trees, pines, bamboos, grass and trees, and hunted birds and beasts to fill it".Sun Hao of Wu State was in Jianye (now Nanjing) "opened the garden, raised the view of the earth and mountains, and the cost of meritorious service was tens of thousands".Emperor Sima Yan of the Jin Dynasty rebuilt the "Xianglin Garden" and renamed it "Hualin Garden".

In the Southern Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Liang's "Fanglin Garden", "planting Jia trees and precious fruits, poor and beautiful".He built Buddhist temples extensively, and he sacrificed himself three times in Tongtai Temple to paralyze the people. In the Northern Dynasties, the "Deer Garden" was built in Shengle (now Mongolia and Lingel County), and the water of the nearby Wuchuan River was drawn into the garden, which was 90 miles wide, and became an important garden built in combination with the natural conditions of Mongolia in history.

1) The scale of the garden changes from large to small, the landscaping is transformed into a rich natural atmosphere, and the creative method tends to be a combination of realism and freehand.

2) The garden form is diversified, and the building bucket arch and sorghum frame are complete.

3) The theories and expressive skills of landscape painting play a certain role in the layout, composition and technique of garden creation.

4) The landscape theme of the gardening style is formed.

Classical Chinese gardens began to form a situation of parallel development of the three types of royal, private and temple temples and a slightly rudimentary garden system, connecting the previous and the next. The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties had a long period of chaos in Chinese history. This period.