The discovery process of enzymes, the process of enzyme formation

Yeast has been found in daily life to speed up the conversion of juices and cereals into wine. This transformation process is called fermentation. In 1680, Leeuwenhoek, an amateur biologist and cloth merchant in the Netherlands.

Yeast cells were first found in observation with a microscope. A century and a half later, the French physicist Cagnard de la Tour used a high-quality compound microscope to concentrate on yeast, and he carefully observed the yeast's reproduction process and determined that yeast is a living microorganism. In this way, in the 50s of the 19th century, yeast became a hot research topic.

It has also been found that a process similar to fermentation takes place in the intestines. In 1752, the French physicist Leomir used an eagle as an experimental object and asked the eagle to swallow several small metal tubes containing meat, and the small holes in the walls of the tubes allowed the chemicals in the stomach to act on the meat. By the time the eagle spits out the tubes, the flesh in the tubes has partially broken down, and there is a yellowish liquid in the tubes.

Scotland, 1777.

Doctor Stevens separated a liquid (gastric juice) from the stomach and proved that the process of breaking down food can be carried out outside the body.

In 1834, the German naturalist Schwann put mercuric chloride.

It is added to the gastric juice and precipitates a white powder. The mercury compound was removed from the powder and the rest of the powder was dissolved, resulting in a very concentrated digestive juice that he called "pepsin."

Greek. in the meaning of digestion).

At the same time, two French chemists, Payan and Pessophie, discovered that there was a substance in malt extract that could turn starch into sugar faster than the action of acid, which they called "amylase preparation" (Greek for "separation").

Scientists. Yeast cells are enzymes that are active organisms.

It makes a clear distinction from non-living enzymes such as pepsin.

In 1878, the German physiologist Kuhn proposed to call the latter "enzyme".

In 1897, the German chemist Büchner used sand grains to grind fermented cells, crushed all the cells, and succeeded in extracting a liquid. He found that the liquid was still able to perform the fermentation task like yeast cells. This experiment proves that the function of living enzymes is the same as that of non-living enzymes.

Thus, the word "enzyme" is now applied to all enzymes and is the catalyst that enables biochemical reactions.

For this discovery, Büchner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1907.

The majority of enzymes are made up of proteins, a small part of Api is made up of RNA, and DNA enzymes.

The formation process of protein enzymes: DNA transcription mRNA, mRNA transport from the nucleus to nucleated lead, mRNA and ribosomes.

Bind, transported amino acids with tRNA.

Dehydration on the ribosome is condensed to form polypeptides, which are further synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and then in the Golgi apparatus.

Secreted proteins are formed, which are transported to the desired site if this enzyme is needed intracellularly, and extracellular via the vesicle membrane if extracellular.

RNA enzymes are synthesized in the nucleus, first DNA is synthesized into RNA, and then RNA is transported to the cytoplasm to be used at the desired site.

1. The discovery of enzymes. 2. Discovery of enzymes.

In the 80s of the 20th century, American scientists Cech and Altman discovered that a small number of RNAs also have a biocatalytic effect.

In the catalytic reaction system of enzymes, the reactant molecule is called the substrate, and the substrate is converted into another molecule by the catalysis of the enzyme. Almost all cellular processes require the involvement of enzymes to increase efficiency.

Proteins, RNAs, or complexes thereof that catalyze specific nakinaden chemical reactions. It is a biocatalyst that can speed up the reaction by reducing the activation energy of the reaction, but does not change the equilibrium point of the reaction. In chemistry, it is generally believed that the catalyst participates in the reaction to form an intermediate, and then the intermediate decomposes to form the catalyst, so the mass and properties remain unchanged before and after the reaction, but it participates in the reaction process.

Enzymes are proteins or RNAs produced by living cells that are highly specific and catalytic to their substrates. The catalytic effect of enzymes depends on the integrity of the primary structure and spatial structure of the enzyme molecule. Denaturation of enzyme molecules or depolymerization of subunits can lead to loss of enzyme activity.

Enzymes are biological macromolecules, with molecular masses of at least 10,000 or more, and the largest ones can reach millions.

Generating process. Produced by living cells, either dissolved in the cytoplasm, or bound to various membrane structures, or located in specific locations in other structures within the cell, these enzymes are activated only when needed, these enzymes are collectively called intracellular enzymes; In addition, there are enzymes that are synthesized in the cell and then secreted outside the cell.

Enzymes are catalytic organic matter produced by living cells, mostly proteins and a few RNA.

We know that an enzyme is a protein, and a protein is translated from mRNA (the central law of DNA to mRNA to protein).

So enzymes are translated from mRNA, or enzymes are products of gene expression.

Refers to a biological catalyst produced by living cells in living organisms.