Learning about the Western constitutional monarchy is a mess, what caused its failure

In fact, China began to accept Western culture and institutions since the late Ming Dynasty. However, the rapid renewal of the Western system at that time made it unacceptable to many researchers at that time. It was only regarded as a barbarian land, but when the people still absorbed some cultural foundations from it that were different from the Chinese feudal system at that time.

It also provides a prerequisite for accepting and learning the fundamental cultural system of Western countries in the future.

At the end of the 19th century, foreign forces entered China rapidly, and China at that time suddenly woke up from the sound of a cannon, and from the ruling class to the ordinary class, they immediately set off an upsurge of studying and learning from the West, and questioned China's fundamental system at that time, believing that this was the root cause of the decline of national strength. Therefore, the national class was the first to think that China needed to learn from the British, change the fundamental system, and carry out relatively moderate institutional changes. I hope that we will be able to strengthen the country and change the state of affairs at that time.

The ruling class has also studied and explored, but this is limited to unshakable basic absolute rule. However, the relatively soft reform and reform also touched the nerves of the ruling class, and the ruling class of China's feudal dynasty decided to defend its roots at the expense of change and the decline of national power in order to maintain its absolute ruling interests. raised the butcher's knife to the reformers, but unexpectedly, Tan Sitong's head completely blocked the door to the country most likely to become a constitutional monarchy.

Since then, there has been no possibility of cooperation between the revolutionaries and the ruling class, and eventually the Chinese revolutionaries violently put an end to China's 2,000-year-old feudal dynasty.

The old system is deeply ingrained in people's minds.

China's national conditions were semi-colonial and semi-feudal at that time.

Influenced by China's feudal system for thousands of years, the monarchy is deeply entrenched in China.

Economic reasons: At that time, China's social economy was still a small-scale peasant economy.

Cultural factors: the influence of Confucianism and the inheritance of feudal imperialism.

A constitutional monarchy required the formation of a class in the country, that is, the industrial and commercial class, which China did not have at that time.

The Qing Dynasty is a regime established by ethnic minorities, in their eyes the Han people need to be controlled, even if the implementation of a constitutional monarchy will not seek the so-called national independence and national freedom for the Chinese, they only have the heart to rule the country of China, and the northeast can hide.

National issues.

Class Position Historical legacy.

China is ruled by a small number of famous ethnic groups, and some people of insight in China are weak and incompetent under the influence of Confucianism

The economic base determines the superstructure, which is affected by specific national conditions.

It is because of Chinese culture that the Chinese fight the world for the glory of their ancestors and for the sake of future generations.

1) Negative and critical perspectives. In this view, Yan Min denied and criticized the role of the constitutional monarchists, believing that their participation in the revolution was false, and that it was true to prevent and oppose the revolution. The constitutional monarchists only protected the private property of the big bourgeoisie in the revolution and did nothing to abolish feudal land ownership; The constitutional monarchists also compromised with the feudal powers and opposed the establishment of a republican system; The Constitutional Monarchy stood in opposition to the people and implemented a series of anti-people policies.

2) Positive reviews. This view advocates a positive evaluation of the constitutional monarchists, which deserves the following positive points: first, the task of destroying the old feudal system and establishing the capitalist system in the French Revolution was accomplished during the reign of the constitutional monarchists; Second, the constitutional monarchists** implemented a series of anti-feudal programs and policies, such as the formulation and adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the formulation of the 1791 Constitution, the confiscation of the property of the church and the fugitive aristocracy, the abolition of church tithes and lords' courts, etc., and the abolition of serfdom.

Cancellation of mainland checkpoints, etc. Scholars also believe that the implementation of a constitutional monarchy was determined by the economic basis of the time, and was also the common proposition of all factions of the bourgeoisie at that time. The constitutionalists proposed the inviolability of private property, which was aimed at the feudal royal family, and was essentially anti-feudal.

Although they adopted a series of anti-people measures, their focus was on countering the restoration activities of the feudal forces. Among the three factions, the constitutional monarchy ruled for the longest time and was the most stable, indicating that the constitutional monarchy was in line with the national conditions of France for a certain period of time. There are also scholars who believe that during the reign of the Thermidorian Party, only the work accomplished by the constitutional monarchists during their time in power was preserved as a truly mature revolutionary achievement, which also shows their historical merits.

The development of the British system is manifested in the initial establishment of the constitutional monarchy, the formation of the cabinet system, and the continuous improvement of the parliamentary election system.

From a longitudinal point of view, the development of the British political system is actually a process of continuous downward shift of the center of gravity of state power, that is, from the monarch to the parliament, and from the parliament to the people.

Because a constitutional monarchy is not suitable for every country, and each country's national conditions are different, it cannot be completely copied from the constitutional monarchy.

For example, the United States, due to historical reasons, it is impossible to adopt a constitutional monarchy, which is due to the United States itself and cannot be changed; Looking at France, although France was also ruled by dynasties in history, after the French Revolution, the French emperor was overthrown, so it was impossible to achieve a constitutional monarchy.

Therefore, even if some countries want to achieve a constitutional monarchy, they still cannot complete it due to their own national conditions and development problems, which is inevitable and the choice of the times.