A high school history topic

d The complete abolition of the well field system was the Shang Dynasty Reform Law, which recognized the private ownership of land and allowed free buying and selling.

Non-multiple-choice questions. 2) Material analysis questions.

Material one. In the original Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, although there are differences between "self-cultivation" and "peace", "sincerity" and "governing the country with one family", there are differences between the two (for example, Confucius is more enthusiastic about external achievements, Mencius is more concerned about inner spiritual cultivation), but the line of thought is harmonious: this is that the "inner sage" purposefully leads to the "outer king", and the "outer king" empirically confirms the "inner sage".

Excerpt from: Ge Jinfang, "The Ethical Turn of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty and Its Historical Impact on the Modern Transformation of Traditional Society".

Material II. The way to learn is to correct one's heart and cultivate one's nature. Integrity and sincerity are sacred. ”

Quoted from Cheng Yi's "Yanzi's Preferential Learning" ("Henan Cheng's Anthology", vol. 8).

Material three. Now I don't know where to settle down physically and mentally, and I don't know where to settle down, and I don't make a trick to talk about the world's career, and I don't know where to go, but it's not wrong? ”

Quoted from Zhu Xi's "Sue Lu Zi Covenant" ("Zhu Zi Daquan" volume 4).

Material four. Those who are now the Tao are each out of the inside to rule the outside, so they are often incompatible. The ancients knew more about the preface and deeds to accumulate their virtues, and in recent times, they learned from their hearts, and they saw and heard a few wastes, narrow and not full, which was the disease of virtue. ”

Quoted from "Song and Yuan Dynasty Cases: Water Heart Cases".

1) Material 1: What kind of line of governance does early Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius reflect?

2) According to the material.

2. According to material 3, what is the line of governing the world advocated by the Song and Ming theorists? What has changed compared to Material 1?

3) According to the fourth material, combined with relevant knowledge, briefly analyze the reasons for the change of this line of governance.

The answer should be on this **).

Hope you help:

The answer is equality.

Analysis of materials: From the materials, it can be known that David's words are aimed at the historical fact that the United States is the founding country of machine standardization, and expresses his views on standardized production. Reading the question at this point, you can appropriately recall the relevant category of the textbook: technological revolution.

Then looking down, David's words make a comparison between Europe and the United States, and you can see that the situation between the two is opposite (at least inconsistent). Reading this, you should think that even if you don't know what is going on in the United States, you can work backwards about what is happening in Europe.

Finally, read the question and know that the topic is about the political concept of standardization.

Answer and train of thought: From and can be known, "American radical thought, on the contrary, may advocate giving ordinary people mass-produced copies that are virtually indistinguishable from the originals." This sentence is about David's view of the historical facts of the founding countries of standardization, and the question is intended here, and the answer should come from here.

At the same time, pay attention to the "ordinary people" in this sentence, "almost no difference from the original", we can see the significance of standardization for ordinary people, so that ordinary people also have the products brought by large machine production. It means equality. The rest of the options are not reflected in the material.

Method: The essence of this question is to investigate the modern ideas and concepts of the West, and through the investigation of economic history materials, the key is to analyze what the question is to ask through the materials, and the answer is revealed in the first of the materials.

It's a bottom-up way of fighting for democracy. In the United States, through economic development, the living conditions of those who sell labor are improved from the top down, but this can be regarded as a way to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor. Methods of easing social conflicts.

The idea of equality, because the supplies of the European aristocracy were popularized through standardized production.