Sociolinguistics, what is the core content of sociolinguistics

The scope of sociolinguistics includes: In general, it includes the following aspects:

1) The linguistic status of a country or region, such as diglossia, bilingualism, multilingualism or multilingualism;

2) the structural characteristics and social functions of various language variants, including regional dialects and social dialects (social dialects or socialect), standard and vernacular, formal style and informal style;

3) the relationship between conversation context and choice of code, and the interaction between code choice and interpersonal relationship;

4) the evaluation and attitudes of society and different groups towards various languages or language variants and the resulting social effects;

5) The ways and laws of language change caused by social, cultural, economic, and political reasons, as well as language contact.

Sociolinguistics is a marginal discipline that first emerged in the United States in the 60s of the 20th century. It mainly refers to a discipline that uses the theories and methods of linguistics and sociology to study the social nature and differences of language from the perspectives of different social sciences. There are some different interpretations of this definition.

Some scholars believe that this research should focus on language and study the variation of language in connection with the role of social factors. Some scholars believe that it is the sociology of language, which studies the various relationships between language and society, and uses linguistic materials to describe and explain social behavior.

Sociolinguistics is a sub-discipline of linguistics. Sociolinguistics studies the impact of various aspects of society (including cultural norms, social norms, or conversational situations) on language use and the impact of language on society.

Sociolinguistics focuses on the influence of society on language, which is different from sociology of language, which focuses on the impact of language on society. The study content of sociolinguistics is very similar to that of pragmatics. Traditionally, sociolinguistics has also been very similar to linguistic anthropology.

Recently, some scholars have questioned the distinction between the two disciplines, arguing that the two should be complementary.

Specifically, sociolinguistics studies the differences in the language used by different social groups (e.g., different ethnicities, religions, social classes, genders, educational levels, ages, etc.) and how these social attributes are created and used to distinguish a person's position in a social class.

Sociolinguistics is the study of the social nature and differences of language, as well as their social factors. The same research has been done in traditional linguistic geography, but since the advent of sociolinguistics, these contents have been included in the category of sociolinguistics.

The study of the nature of society includes:

The characteristics of the social nature of language and its laws.

The interrelationship between language, consciousness, and society in origin.

The relationship between national language and ethnic formation.

The relationship between the formation of a common national language and social development.

The relationship between linguistic evolution and social evolution.

Studies on language differences include:

Differences between standard language and dialects and jargon.

Pronunciation differences. Differences in terminology.

Difference in status. Differences in the same language in different countries, regions and societies.

For example, English has been mutated in the spread of different countries or regions, with the emergence of American English, Hong Kong English, Singlish, etc.

Differences caused by the presence of several languages spoken in the same country or society.

For example: countries or regions with two or more official languages, such as Canada (English, French), Singapore (English, Chinese, Malay).

Differences in the use of language between different language speakers.

For example, gender differences lead to the use of different language by men and women.

Differences in the language used in different social settings.

For example, the average Chinese use their hometown dialect in the home environment and Mandarin when working and studying.

Sociolinguistic Missing Notes.

Classification of linguistic attitudes – from the point of view of nature:

Four types of linguistic attitudes).

Linguistic loyalty. The language is humble from Li Stool.

Linguistic discrimination. Language differences.

Linguistic loyalty is mainly driven by national emotion, and linguistic inferiority is often the function of rational cognition.

Linguistic discrimination and forced assimilation.

Language Deficit and Interpersonal Relationships.

In bilingual or multilingual contact, people adopt different linguistic attitudes in interpersonal relationships due to their role relationships to show differences in interpersonal relationships.

Factors influencing language attitudes:

1) Factors influencing personal attitudes:

Influence of Ambient Language Attitudes: First of all, it is influenced by parents (family), and parents' language awareness is a kind of implicit language planning. Influenced by regional and even national language attitudes, and influenced by the language attitudes of language communities.

Personal experience: The formation of many people's language attitudes is often related to their personal experience. An individual's attitude towards language is slowly formed as a result of the accumulation and differentiation of experience. Such as favorite ** TV series and movies; Random events such as travel encounters ......

Personal language ability: For example, when learning a foreign language, the initial novelty makes people have a positive attitude towards the language, but as it becomes more difficult and the learning effect is not increased, it may develop an aversion ......to the language

The psychology of the individual: psychological identity and psychological motivation.

Identity ——— is the cognitive and emotional attachment of members of society to a certain group of people. Highlight the similarity of the self to others emotionally and in beliefs.

Linguistic identity.

Motivation is an inner state ...... that motivates an individual to make conscious behavioral decisions

Socio-economic and cultural: The economic strength and cultural strength of a country will affect the attractiveness and recognition of a language in the world, and the economic and cultural prosperity of a region will also affect the survival of the local language.

2) Influencing factors of language attitudes in communities, localities, and countries:

The linguistic attitudes of a speech community are determined by the linguistic attitudes of that community. At the same time, it is also affected by the population size, ethnic composition, economic outlook, and cultural atmosphere of the community.

Local language attitudes are affected by regional identity, regional development, regional resource protection, national language attitudes, and individual language attitudes.

Attitudes towards languages in countries are influenced by a number of factors.

Example: National Language Attitudes – Official Bilingualism.

Factors influencing linguistic loyalty:

Environment Population size.

Traditional thinking Other factors: family language structure Marriage Personal experience, etc.

What is Communicative?

People-to-people interactions.

Person-to-person messaging.

Communicative means: linguistic means.

Non-verbal means——— paralinguistic postures, facial expressions, gestures, ......

Chapter 4 Verbal Communication.

Verbal communicative skills: our ability to use language.

What is "language ability"?

Influencing factors of verbal communication:

Scenario. Topic.

Participator. Role relationships.

The principles of language communication:

Verbal communication is a bilateral or multilateral verbal act, and in order to communicate smoothly, both parties need to abide by some principles.

1) The principle of cooperation.

Appropriate guidelines. Quality guidelines.

Correlation guidelines. Modal guidelines.

Field: refers to what is happening or being talked about, what is being done's going on）。Tenor:

The role of relationship in the situation in question. Mode: Refers to the role of language in a specific environment, which is the written and spoken form.

Sociolinguistics is a science that first emerged in the United States in the 60s of the 20th century. It mainly refers to a discipline that uses the theories and methods of linguistics and sociology to study the social nature and differences of language from the perspective of different social sciences.

There are some different interpretations of this definition. Some scholars believe that this research should focus on language and study the variation of language in connection with the role of social factors. Some scholars consider it to be the sociology of language, which studies the various relationships between language and society, uses linguistic materials to describe and explain social behavior, and examines language as a social phenomenon.

Sociolinguistics in China is mainly done by some scholars who study dialectology, or some scholars have transferred from the field of dialectology. There is a certain reason for this, the relationship between dialect and culture, dialect and folklore, etc., is relatively close, which is also a reason for the formation of Chinese sociolinguistics.

The above information refers to the encyclopedia - sociolinguistics.

Sociolinguistics and cultural linguistics are closely related, they both emphasize the close connection between language and people and society, and both pay attention to the interaction between language and people and society, but they still have different emphases and orientations.

Sociolinguistics mainly studies the existence of language in society, and mainly focuses on the region, occupation, industry, gender, age, personality and other factors that are closely related to people in social phenomena. Cultural linguistics mainly studies the existence of language in national culture, and it mainly focuses on factors such as concepts, beliefs, morals, customs, consciousness, and thinking.

Sociolinguistics is more concerned with reality; Cultural linguistics is more concerned with historical inheritance. Sociolinguistics focuses on the study of language use and language variation; Cultural linguistics, on the other hand, focuses more on the interpretation of the cultural context of the language structure, and also on the static structure of the language in the cultural context. Sociolinguistics attaches great importance to the study of language planning and language policy. There are few such studies in cultural linguistics.

In terms of research methods, sociolinguistics emphasizes the description and measurement of language, and uses experimental and quantitative methods to form a set of formalized and relatively complete operating systems. Cultural linguistics, on the other hand, mainly uses the method of interpretation, relying more on the researcher's own premonition and sense of historical depth.