Linguistic meaning relations, the definition of language

I think the greatest significance of linguistics is to provide a set of self-consistent theories to explain the ordinary phenomenon of language.

For a long time, various phenomena around human beings have been classified and systematically studied. It is not surprising that language was not codified as a science until two or three hundred years ago. Most people, until now, still think that there is "no why" in how people speak, because the phenomenon of language is so common, that people will have the opinion that "in fact, I already know language completely", or "language seems to be nothing to do, it just exists".

This kind of view is in Zhihu.

In the language section, any less professional questions can be easily found below.

Almost everyone has a say in a language, because everyone is a speaker of one or more languages, but that doesn't mean we know about it. We've all seen comments along the lines of "How do you know how ancient people spoke?", and we've probably had the experience of asking your English teacher "Why do you add s to the third person singular?" and your teacher impatiently threw at the "nothing why, it's conventional" experience. The significance of linguistics is to break through these blindness, so that human beings can better understand language, and through language, they can better understand themselves.

In my opinion, this is a very meaningful thing.

The Meaning Relations section of the Linguistics Course.

Relationship of Meaning. There are different meanings between words and words. Some words have more similar meanings than others. For example, compared with chair, desk is more closely related to the meaning of table; Conversely, it can be said that the meaning difference between desk and chair is greater than that between desk and table.

Moreover, the meaning of desk is covered under the addition of furniture, or the meaning of furniture is covered under the meaning of furniture. Thus, the meaning of a word can be seen as a network of meanings between it and other words. That is, we can define meaning as the semantic relationship between words; More generally, it is the semantic relationship between linguistic units.

It embodies intralinguistic relations. In contrast, as we mentioned earlier, the referent embodies the relationship between the word and the referent; In other words, the relationship between the linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entity to which it refers.

Generally speaking, there are three recognized meaning relationships, namely: identical relations, antithetical relations, and insourcing relations.

Synonymous Relationship Antisense Relationship.

Relationship between upper and lower meanings.

Anglo-Saxon and Latin. There are many pairs of words from both languages that have the same meaning, such as buy and purchase, world and universe, brotherly and fraternal.

But complete synonymology is rare. The so-called synonyms are all context-dependent, and they are always different in one way or another. Such as in context"Little Tom A Toy Bear"Medium,"buy"than"purchase"More appropriate.

They may also have different connotations; That's why people joke about it"i'm thrifty. you are economical. and he is stingy.

I'm frugal. You are economical. He was stingy.

。Third, there are the differences in dialects. "autumn (autumn)."It's British"fall"It's American; The British lived"flats (apartments)."Multiply"underground"or"tube"(Metro)."Go to work while the Americans live"apartments by subway.

Broadly speaking, language is a set of communication instructions that are expressed with a set of common processing rules, which are transmitted visually, soundly, or tactilely. Strictly speaking, language refers to the instructions used by humans to communicate—natural language.

All people acquire language skills through learning, and the purpose of language is to communicate ideas, opinions, ideas, etc.

Language is generally seen as a system of symbolic communication consisting of three parts: signs, meanings, and symbols that connect the two. Semiotics is responsible for the study of the process of signs, how signs and meanings are combined, and the use and interpretation of signs.

A token can consist of sounds, gestures, letters, or symbols, and when used for communication, the token is encoded by the sender and sent over a channel to the receiver, who decodes it.

Physiological mechanisms. 1. The articulation mechanism of language: respiratory organs, larynx and vocal cords, oral cavity, nasal cavity and pharyngeal cavity.

2. The central mechanism of language activity: Broka area, Wilnick area, and angular gyrus.

1) Aphasia caused by a lesion in Broca's zone is often referred to as motor aphasia or expressive aphasia.

2) Lesions in the Wilnicke's zone can cause receptive aphasia, which is a type of speech agnosia. The same effect will be achieved by severing or damaging the arcuate tract of nerve fibers that link Wilnicke's zone to Broca's zone.

3) Angular gyrus realizes the conversion of spoken and written language. Angular gyrus injury will cause semantic aphasia.

3. The dominance of language on one side of both hemispheres of the brain and language activity. Studies have confirmed that language activity is primarily a function of the left hemisphere of the brain, but that the right hemisphere also plays an important role in language comprehension.

Definition of language: A system of symbols that uses speech as a material shell, composed of vocabulary and grammar, and can express human thoughts.

Definition of language:

A symbol system that uses speech as a material shell, is composed of vocabulary and grammar, and can express human thoughts.

The characteristics of the language are:

Creative, structural, meaningful, referential, and social, and individual.

Types of Languages:

Conversational language, monologue language, written language, internal language.

Features of Language:

It is mainly divided into two aspects: social function and thinking function, among which social function includes information transmission function and interpersonal interaction function.

Language in the linguistic sense is also a complex collection of concepts (or a gestalt), which depends on the level at which it is discussed, and cannot be generalized.

Do you speak Chinese", I think it can basically be regarded as language, and the words "words", "language", and "wen" are now used to express the concept of language, although "language" also refers to language, but there are restrictions on forming compound words with other words, although "wen" now refers to the meaning of language in some compound words.

However, in essence, it is more inclined to represent words and articles, and "words" and various words are relatively more free to form compound words, and it is the closest word (and morpheme) to the concept of "language" in Chinese.

If the "words" in the example sentence correspond to the concept of language, it roughly contains two references, one is the linguistic ability of a certain natural language possessed by a person, and the other is more specifically the ability to use the articulatory organs to express the language orally.

Function. Language is a unique way of communication for human beings, reflecting the highly evolved mental capacity of human beings at the biological or psychological level, and the progress of human civilization at the social and cultural level. Linguistics is the study of the most core instinct of human language, through the analysis and study of spoken language, written language and even sign language, so as to understand the nature of human beings.

In addition to understanding the nature of human language, linguistic research has a variety of applications. In terms of language education, through the understanding of the language itself, various dictionaries, grammar books, and textbooks are compiled for people to learn the language, and it also helps to improve the ability to cope with the difficulties and mistakes encountered in the process of language learning.

Language is a unique function of human beings, a neural signal generated by human beings to understand the world, and an appendage of human consciousness. Languages are divided into written language (written language) and spoken language.

Words can be more powerful than you think, they can be glamorous and refreshing, or they can be lethal and deadly. When someone speaks, it is like a small energy bullet, shooting into the realm of life that cannot be seen by the naked eye, deeply hurting the bone marrow and causing endless harm. Language is alive, it can create everything, and it can destroy everything.

The so-called "good words are warm in three winters, and bad words hurt people and cold in June", which is probably the truth.

The most conquering thing in the world is language. My life is up to me, and this life is to control my heart, my hands, and my mouth, that is, to say and do. Of course not, but what's the benefit of letting that uncontrollable mouth nag while doing it?

Language is not just a simple communication tool, it represents a culture, a country, a logic, an idea, an expression or a habit of life. Language allows us to communicate more effectively and better understand what the other person is trying to say.

1.From the perspective of the function of language, language is the most important communication tool and thinking tool for human beings.

2.From the perspective of the internal composition of language, language is a symbol system that combines sound and meaning, or a symbol system with speech as the material shell, vocabulary as the building material, and grammar as the structural law.

3.In terms of the type of language, there are various ways to classify according to different classification criteria. Depending on the form in which it is presented, language can be divided into spoken language and written language, the latter being also known as writing.

From the output and input of information, language can be divided into expressive language and receptive language, the latter is also called comprehension language.

Language, unlike speech.

In linguistics, language is a symbol system with phonetics as the material shell and semantics as the meaning content, and it is a symbol system with the combination of phonetics and meanings, the building materials of words and the rules of grammatical organization. Language is a social phenomenon, the most important communication tool for human beings, a tool for thinking and transmitting information.

The father of modern linguistics – Saussure.

The object of study in linguistics was determined. He divides complex linguistic phenomena into three levels: language, speech, and speech acts. Language is considered to be a social part of speech acts, a system that individuals passively receive from society and store in their minds.

Speech is the personal part of speech acts, the use of the language system by the individual. Namely:

Language – homogeneity, systemic – linguistics.

Speech – heterogeneous, personal – linguistics.

It is the content of the word, the reflection of the subjective subject on the phenomenon of objective or appealing things, and contains people's understanding of the various characteristics of objective things.

The meaning of the word reflects the general or essential characteristics of the phenomena of objective things

The original meaning of a word is called the original meaning. Taking the original meaning as the starting point, according to the characteristics of the things or phenomena it reflects, the word will produce a number of meanings related to the original meaning but not the same in the process of its development, which makes the extended meaning of the word. The original meaning and numerous extended meanings make up the entire system of word meanings.

Linguistics is the study of human language, which explores the nature, function, structure, use, and historical development of linguistic insights, as well as other language-related issues. The object of linguistic research is objectively existing linguistic facts.

Whether it is a modern language or an ancient language, it is an objective linguistic phenomenon. Although the meanings expressed by different discourses are subjective and varied, the linguistic messages conveyed can be understood by others.

Linguistics is generally defined as a scientific and systematic theoretical study of language. And language is the most important communication tool of human beings, the direct reality of thought.

Linguistics in a broad sense includes philology, which studies the situation of language in a certain period, and is called synchronic linguistics; The study of the changes that a language undergoes over different periods of time is called diachronic linguistics; The comprehensive study of multiple languages and the attempt to find common patterns among them is called general linguistics.

The application of linguistic knowledge to practical work is called applied linguistics; Tracing the kinship of certain linguistic disturbances through the comparison of phonetics and word forms is called historical comparative linguistics; The use of comparative methods to discover some common phenomena of various human languages is called typological linguistics; Comparing the similarities and differences between two languages in order to solve a teaching or translation problem is called comparative linguistics.

Definition of linguistics:

Traditional linguistics, known as philology, focuses on the study of ancient texts and written language. Modern linguistics, on the other hand, focuses on contemporary language and spoken language, and the scope of research is greatly broadened. Philology is at the service of other disciplines.

Modern linguistics is an independent discipline with its objective research objects, its own research methods, and systematic disciplinary theories, as the name suggests, linguistics is an empirical science that studies the nature, structure and development of language.

Linguistics in a broad sense includes philology, which studies the situation of language in a certain period of time, which is called synchronic linguistics; The study of the changes that a language undergoes over different periods of time is called diachronic linguistics; Comprehensive research on multiple languages.

Comparing the similarities and differences between two languages in order to solve teaching or translation problems, called comparative linguistics, phonetics, grammar, vocabulary and writing, these disciplines focus on the structure of language itself, and are the center of linguistics, some call microlinguistics.

Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech, human pronunciation methods, and the physiological processes of speech perception. Phonology or phonemics is the study of how many different sounds a language has, and how they differ and relate to each other.

The study of the way words are formed and inflected is morphology, also known as lexicography; The study of how words are formed into phrases or sentences is the study of sentence formation, also known as syntax. According to traditional grammar, morphology and sentence formation are combined to form grammar.