What will become of the horse in the future

Protohoof. The ancestors of horses are the progenitor horses (hyracotherium owen = eohippus marsh) who lived in the Cenozoic, Tertiary, and Eocene epochs 50 million years ago. Their bodies are only the size of foxes.

The skull is small, the tooth structure is simple, and the crown is low. The forefoot lands with 4 toes and the hindfoot with 3 toes. The back is curved and the spine is flexible.

It lives in the forests of North America and feeds on young leaves. It took about 10 million years to see the emergence of mesohippus marsh in the Oligocene. Bigger than a sheep.

Both the front and rear feet have 3 toes, and the middle toes are significantly enlarged. The buccal teeth are still crowned low, and the tips of the molars are ridged. They still live in the forest and feed on young leaves.

More than 10 million years later, in the Miocene, the steppe horse (merychippus leidy) appeared. Both the front and rear feet have 3 toes, but only the middle toe touches the ground, and the side toes are degenerate. The body has a modern little Archaeopteryx.

The horse is that big. The limbs are longer and the crowns are higher. The back changes from arc to stiffness, from being good at jumping to being good at running.

Molars have complex ridges and chalky filling, indicating that the feed has shifted from young leaves to hay. The steppe horse has changed from forest life to grassland life, with high-toothed crown molars suitable for grinding hay, and good running limbs to escape the attacks of predators. At the beginning of the Pliocene, there were pliohippus, with a larger body, a higher crown, a more developed middle toe in the fore and hind feet, and a complete degeneration of the second and fourth toes.

In the Pleistocene, the real horse (equus linnaeus) appeared, with a body the size of a modern horse, with a fully developed middle toe, a stiff hoof at the end of the toe, and a more complex fold on the chewing surface of the teeth except for the higher crown, reflecting a high degree of adaptation to galloping on the grassland and munching hay. Before the Miocene, equine animals were mainly found in the forests of North America and migrated to Eurasia during the Miocene. During the Pliocene and Pleistocene, North American equine animals also spread to South America, but South American species soon became extinct.

By the time of the Holocene, the equine species in North America were also becoming extinct. Only the descendants of Eurasia prospered and developed. The Pleistocene Sanmen horse (equus samenensis) unearthed in northern China and the wild horse (Equus przewalskii) that still exists in Gansu, Xinjiang and Mongolia are all representatives of equine animals.

Modern horses are domesticated from wild horses. Horses had several side clades in the Miocene and Pliocene: for example, the An-chitherium (An-chitherium; the three-toed horse (hipparion christol) found in North America and Eurasia in the Pliocene; The South American horse (hippidium) distributed in Pleistocene South America, etc., shows that the evolution of horses did not develop in a straight line.

Horse. Historically, some paleontologists have believed that organisms have always evolved in a given direction based on the evolutionary trend of horses (body size from small to large, number of toes from more to less, and crown from short to tall).

Grow horns on your head and become a unicorn.

Maybe it will change with the environment.

The evolution of the Chinese character "马" is written.

3135 I. The evolution of "horse" Horse, the oracle bone inscription "horse" is an animal image with a long face, big eyes, flying mane, long tail and hooves. Some oracle bones use large eyes to borrow the head composed of mouth, eyes, and ears. The glyph is simplified, and the image of the big eye and mane in the oracle bone glyph is written, and the image of the foot and tail is written.

The seal script inherits the golden glyphs. The inscription transforms the horse's head and feet in the oracle bone glyphs, while emphasizing the image of horsehair. Second, the original meaning of the word:

Noun, a power animal that is good at running. Lishu will be the seal glyph in the side view of the two horseshoe and the horsetail written as "four points of the bottom" plus the folding pen. According to the cursive glyphs, the simplified regular script simplifies the regular script as a whole, and simplifies the "four-point bottom" into a horizontal line.

Expand the basic definition and words of "horse".

1. Interpretation 1, mammals, with a mane on their neck, hair on their tail, strong limbs, good at running, for people to ride or pull things: horse. Chun.

to success. The first is to look forward (metaphorically follow the actions of others). 2. Large:

Bee. Spoon. 3. Surname.

2. Compounds: ma, carriage, toilet, horse coat, walking horse, circus, horse thief, etc. 1, immediately [ mǎ shàng ] Interpretation: immediate; Immediately.

2. Carriage [ mǎ chē ] Interpretation: A horse-drawn carriage carrying people, some of which are sedan-type, some are open-topped, some are two-wheeled, and some are four-wheeled. 3. Toilet [ mǎ tǒng ] Interpretation:

The bucket with a lid for urine and urine is mostly made of wood or enamel. Some areas are called 马子 (mǎ·zi). 4. 马褂 [ mǎ guà ] Interpretation:

In the old days, men wore short coats over their robes, and black was the most common. It turned out to be a costume worn by the Manchus when riding horses. 5. Walking horse [ zǒu mǎ ] Interpretation:

Running on horseback: Plains. Look at the flowers.

Wild horses are pickled and turned into domestic horses that can be ridden and raised. Horses were first seen in the history books when King Mu of Zhou patrolled the border. Named after the horse's coat color:

Chiji, Thief, Baiyi, Yulun, Shanzi, Quhuang, Hualiu, Green Ear. (See The Biography of Mu Tianzi, vol. 1). The eight horses of King Mu have been handed down.