Briefly describe the general characteristics of microorganisms. What are the characteristics of micr

1) The individual is small and the structure is simple; 2) fast reproduction; 3) There are many types of metabolism and strong activity; 4) Widely distributed; 5) Large quantity; 6) Prone to mutation.

Microorganisms have something in common with all living things, that is, genetic information is carried by genes on the DNA chain, and with a few exceptions, their replication, expression and regulation follow the central law; The synthesis pathways of primary metabolic pathways such as proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, fatty acids and other macromolecules are basically the same; The energy metabolism of microorganisms uses ATP as an energy carrier.

Own characteristics: 1, a wide variety, has been identified microbial species for more than 10s, every year is still hundreds of thousands of new species are discovered, the current understanding of microbial species is only 0 1 1 in nature.

2. The individual is the smallest, and the specific face value is the largest. In general, microorganisms are expressed in microns, and viruses are expressed in nanometers. The specific face value refers to the ratio of area to volume, assuming that the specific face value of a person is 1, then E. coli is 300,000.

The large specific area is conducive to the exchange of matter and energy and information.

3. The structure is simple, and microorganisms exist in single-celled, simple multicellular or acellular forms.

4. Metabolically active. Microorganisms have various metabolic methods, and the absorption and transformation of substances are extremely fast. The general law in the biological world is that the smaller an individual is, the more food it consumes per unit of body weight.

5. Easy to mutate. Its natural mutation frequency can reach 10-'"-10-5, but due to rapid reproduction, large numbers, and direct contact with the external environment, a large number of mutated offspring can appear in a short period of time, such as influenza virus.

6. The number is huge. Hundreds of millions of bacteria per gram of soil; There are always 100,400 kinds of microorganisms living in the human intestine, which are normal intestinal flora, and the total number can reach 100 trillion.

7. Widely distributed. Such as sulfur bacteria in the 10,000-meter deep sea; microorganisms at an altitude of 85 km; Bacteria in sedimentary rocks 128m and 427m below strata.

Microorganisms have 6 characteristics: Many types: According to statistics, there are more than 100,000 kinds of microorganisms that have been discovered, and different types of microorganisms have different metabolism methods and can decompose all kinds of organic substances.

People can get biogas, which is the credit of using microorganisms. Fast reproduction: As long as there are suitable conditions, mainly temperature, humidity, nutrition, pH, etc., the microbial reproduction generation generation can reproduce for dozens of generations in just a few minutes and a whole day.

Widely distributed: In nature, microorganisms exist everywhere from the sky to the ocean. Soil is the base camp of various microorganisms, and the biogas under ponds and manure pits is the activity of microorganisms.

Easy to cultivate: Most microorganisms can grow under natural conditions, using simple nutrients, and accumulate metabolites as they grow. However, biogas fermentation microorganisms are very special, they die when they see oxygen, and they can only grow under the conditions of nutrients and suitable temperature and humidity in the isolated air.

High strength: Although microorganisms are small, they are large in number and have strong metabolic capacity. Crop straw is piled up for a few days in advance, and 3 months after being put into the biogas digester, it is decomposed and transformed by microorganisms from hard material to soft.

Variable: If the digester is filled with tender grass or early spring green manure, it is all acid-producing microorganisms that are active, and even if the gas is produced, it cannot be burned. As long as an appropriate amount of lime water and pig and cow manure is added, methane-producing bacteria will be active, and the gas produced is biogas, which can be burned and utilized.

In short, the purpose of biogas fermentation is to create a good living environment for biogas microorganisms, so that it can maintain vigorous vitality, so as to produce more gas and high-quality gas.

Three types:

1. Eukaryotic cell-type microorganisms (that is, microorganisms with real nuclei) characteristics: high degree of nuclear differentiation, nuclear membrane and nucleolus, and complete organelles.

For example: fungi.

2. Prokaryotic cellular microorganisms (i.e., microorganisms without a real nucleus, only nucleoids) characteristics: the differentiation of the nucleus is low, there is only a primitive nucleus, no nuclear membrane, and nucleolus. Organelles are very imperfect. DNA and RNA exist at the same time.

Examples: bacteria, actinomycetes, mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia, spirochetes.

3. Characteristics of non-cellular microorganisms (i.e., microorganisms without a nucleus): there is no typical cell structure, and they can only parasitize in living cells to grow and reproduce. The nucleic acid type is DNA or RNA.

For example: viruses.

2. The growth and reproduction are fast, and the bacteria can reproduce for a generation in tens of minutes to a few hours under the conditions of laboratory culture;

3) There are many types of metabolism and strong activity;

4. It is widely distributed, and there are microorganisms living in the slippery areas of higher organisms, and there are microorganisms in extreme environments where animals and plants cannot live.

5. The number is large, and there are many in the local environment, such as tens of millions to hundreds of millions of microorganisms per gram of soil.

6. Easy to mutate, compared with higher organisms, it is easier to mutate. Among all the taxa, the number of known microbial species is second only to angiosperms and insects. The genetic diversity within microbial species is very abundant.

Microorganisms include: bacteria, viruses, fungi and some small protists, microscopic algae, etc., a large group of organisms, which are small and closely related to humans. It covers many kinds of beneficial and harmful, and is widely involved in food, medicine, industry and agriculture, environmental protection, sports and many other fields.

Taxonomy includes: prokaryotic bacteria, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia; eukaryotic fungi, microalgae and protists; and non-cellular viruses and subviruses.

Characteristics: small size, large area, 2 absorption, fast transformation, 3 vigorous growth, fast reproduction, 4 strong adaptation, easy mutation, 5 species, wide distribution.

Microorganisms are all tiny organisms that are invisible or invisible to the naked eye, with tiny individuals and simple structures, which can usually be seen clearly with light microscopes and electron microscopes, collectively known as microorganisms. Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, molds, yeasts, etc. Individuals are tiny, generally < simple structure, with single cellular, simple multicellular, non-cellular. The evolutionary status is low, and most of them rely on organic matter to sustain life.