On the issue of the internal structure of the submarine

Type VIIC, surface displacement 781 tons, underwater displacement 885 tons. The difference between the two is the weight of the ballast water, which is 104 tons. vii is mainly pressed on the water tanks on the bulging parts of the ships on both sides, and the middle is spaced apart.

There were also ballast reservoirs and torpedo weight-compensating tanks in the bow and stern.

What is a gravel cabin? Haven't heard of it. There may be a problem with the translation, the English word for gravel is crash, which is called in submarine terms"crash dive", Emergency dive.

It is used for emergency dives"Fast dive pod", which can be filled with some additional water, so that the submarine can form a sinking one"Negative buoyancy".The fast diving module is usually located at the center of gravity of the whole boat, probably below the command module.

The emergency dive doesn't use all the sailors, it's just the sailors who have nothing to do. Press down on the head of the submarine and increase the trim angle to form a diving position. At the same time, it is necessary to cooperate with the submarine, and drive to full speed.

The VIIC uses two German MAN M6V 40 46 supercharged diesel engines. 6 cylinders, 4-stroke, maximum power 2800 3200 hp, maximum speed 470 490 rpm. Submarines have a deceleration mechanism, and they are the biggest source of noise, louder than diesel engines.

Type VIIC uses electric motor propulsion underwater. Early models borrowed two GEG GU 460 8-276 motors from Type VIIB with a maximum of 750 hp and a maximum speed of 296 rpm, and later versions used BBC's GG UB 720 8 motors, or GL RP 137 C motors, or SSW's GU 343 38-8 motors, which had the same power output as AEG motors.

The upstairs is very complete, and to add that German submarines are constantly refitted, even if.

Type VIIC, there are also certain differences in the conning towers of different periods.

The basic structure of the submarine: hull, control system, power plant, ** system, communication equipment, life-saving equipment and living facilities, etc. The pressure-resistant hull is usually divided into bow, amidships and sterns, which are divided into 3-8 sealed cabins.

The hull of submarines is mostly streamlined, and advanced submarines are generally designed in the shape of a teardrop or cigar.

There are many types of submarines, with different shapes, ranging from fully automatic or one-to-two operation and operation time of several hours, to hundreds of people and continuous diving for months.

Large submarines are mostly cylindrical, and a vertical structure (bridge) is usually set up in the middle of the ship, which was called the "control tower and command platform" in the early days, and contained communications, sensors, periscopes, and control equipment.

Submarines, also known as Blackfish, Diving Boats, Submarines, are ships that are capable of operating underwater. According to the volume, it can be divided into large (mainly military), medium or small (pocket submarines, submersibles) and underwater automatic mechanical devices.

The 11 installations shown in the model of the Russian future nuclear submarine are: bow auxiliary propeller with low noise level (1), bow torpedo compartment with the latest "Wind and Snow" missile torpedo (2), anti-aircraft missile system capable of destroying air targets from under water (3), intercontinental ballistic missile (4), shipside torpedo launcher for destroying enemy submarines and surface targets (5), submarine high-tech computer command system (6), state-of-the-art nuclear reactor (7), command room, In the event of an accident, it can be used as an escape cabin for all crews, and it can be used as an emergency surfacing (8), crew rest chamber (9), main engine (10), and secret silencer (11).

Schematic diagram of an Indian nuclear submarine.

As shown below, the Soviet R-class submarine, that is, the Chinese Type 033 submarine. Click image for full size.

Horizontal screenshots, side screenshots, and two views.

Around 1900, the first submarines were built, but at that time submarine technology was not very good, and the space in the cabin was small, and if the temperature in the space rose sharply, it was easy to make it difficult to breathe.

Most of the submarine's power** is diesel engine, but because diesel engines must burn air, and exhaust gases will be generated after combustion, the submarine must also extend a pipe to the surface of the sea to obtain air, and another pipe must be extended to the surface of the sea to expel the waste.

But some of today's submarines already have nuclear-powered engines, which can allow submarines to dive deeper and longer, even up to two years.

The people in the submarine breathe fresh air that circulates automatically, and even automatically turns seawater into clean water for drinking and washing, all thanks to modern technology. The reason why submarines are able to dive freely into the water and then rise back to the surface is because of a design called a pressure chamber. When the boat is about to dive into the water, the water will flow into the pressure chamber that surrounds the main hull, and the boat will slowly begin to sink. When the pressure chamber is filled with water, this is the maximum amount that the submarine can dive.

When a submarine wants to rise to the surface, it just needs to slowly drain the water from the ballast tank.

Structural diagram of the Russian-made Project 636 K-class submarine.

Submarines mainly include hulls, control systems, power plants, systems, navigation systems, detection systems, communication equipment, underwater acoustic countermeasure equipment, life-saving equipment and living facilities.

Hull structure: The hull of the double-hull submarine is divided into an inner shell and a shell, and the inner shell is a steel pressure-resistant hull to ensure that the submarine can withstand the hydrostatic pressure corresponding to the depth when it is active underwater; The hull is a non-pressurized hull made of steel and does not withstand seawater pressure. Between the inner shell and the shell are the main ballast water tanks and fuel tanks. Single-hull submarines only have a pressure-resistant hull, and the main ballast water tanks are arranged in a pressure-resistant hull.

A half-hulled submarine with partially non-pressure-resistant hulls on both sides of the pressure-resistant hull as the main ballast water tanks of the submarine.

The hull of the submarine is mostly streamlined (advanced submarines are generally designed to be drop-shaped or cigar-shaped) to reduce the resistance of underwater movement and ensure that the submarine has good maneuverability.

The pressure-resistant hull is usually divided into three sections: bow, amidship and stern, which are divided into 3 8 sealed cabins, which are equipped with control command positions and equipment, devices, various systems and crew living facilities, etc., to ensure the normal work, life and combat of the crew. Modern submarines are equipped with large spherical sonar base arrays and torpedo compartments in the bow section, and 4-8 torpedo tubes of 533-650mm are generally installed in the torpedo compartments. The amidships section has a pressure-resistant command room and a non-pressure-resistant water command bridge.

In the command room and its enclosure, there are periscopes, ventilation tubes, and lifting devices for antennas such as radio communications, radars, radar reconnaissance and warning receivers, and radio direction finders that can work at periscope depth. The stern section is mainly equipped with a power unit and a transmission device. Sonar arrays are generally installed on both sides of the hull.

The stern structure of submarines after World War II is roughly divided into two types, namely the stern structure and the pointed stern structure of the conventional boat type. The stern structure of the conventional type is arranged with a propeller on the left and right sides of the stern, two stern horizontal rudders behind the propellers, and a vertical rudder at the rear of the boat. Before World War II, submarines basically used this conventional stern structure.

Even in the years after World War II, submarines built by some of the world's most developed submarine countries still used conventional stern structures. For example, the American "Thorntail" class underwater high-speed submarines, the British "Ao Bailong" class, France's "Goddess" class, Japan's "Taishio" class and "Zaoshio" class, West Germany's class and class, the Soviet Union's class, class, class, class, and even the Soviet Union's first-generation nuclear submarine class all adopted the stern structure of a typical conventional boat type. The submarine type with a stern structure was originally developed by the USS Mackerel experimental submarine built by the United States in the years.

The basic arrangement of the stern structure is that the stern of the submarine is equipped with a horizontal stabilizer wing and a vertical stabilizer wing in a cross-shaped layout, with a horizontal stabilizer wing on the port side and a vertical stabilizer wing on the upper and lower sides. Each stabilizer wing has a rudder plate, while the propeller is mounted at the very end of the submarine. This pointed stern structure is often coordinated with the drop line of the submarine.

Therefore, nuclear submarines with a teardrop-shaped hull basically have a pointed stern structure. In the late decade, due to the increase in the underwater speed of conventionally powered submarines and the constraints of the severe anti-submarine technical environment, the conventionally powered submarines of many countries in the world began to adopt pointed stern structures one after another.

All ships on the surface, including submarines after they have surfaced, must be subjected to positive buoyancy greater than gravity. In order to dive, the submarine must be negatively buoyant, i.e., either its gravity greater than its buoyancy or its displacement reduced. This can be controlled by the displacement of the "float tank".

For ordinary diving and floating maneuvers, submarines are usually completed with two front and rear tanks called main float tanks. When it is necessary to dive, the water port of the main float tank is fully opened and filled with water to increase the gravity of the submarine. When it is necessary to float, compressed air is injected into the main floating tank and the opening of the tank is opened to drain water to reduce gravity.

The main float tank is mainly responsible for the large sinking and floating action of the submarine, and is usually placed below the floating draft. If you want to control the depth of the submarine more accurately, you need to use the depth control tank or hard water tank. The tank can be placed near the center of the submarine or on the hull.

When a submarine sinks, the submarine hull can usually withstand water pressure of up to four megabars (equivalent to the pressure of a water depth of 400 meters).

Modern submarines are generally cigar-type. This is a big improvement over the "egg shape" of the original Turtle. Such a shell is often called a "teardrop-shaped shell", and it has been proven in practice for a long time that the drop-shaped shell is currently the shell shape with the least underwater resistance.

But this shape is also less resilient to waves when floating on the surface of the sea.

The protruding part of the bridge enclosure in the upper part of the submarine made it possible to increase the length of use of periscopes and radios. Inside the bridge enclosure there are usually radio equipment, radar, electronics, snorkels and other equipment. In early submarines, the command module was located in the bridge enclosure of the submarine, often called the "conning tower".

But the command compartment of most submarines is usually located in the submarine.

The submarine is mainly composed of hull, control system, power plant, ** system, observation, communication, navigation and other equipment. The equipment on the submarine is mainly divided into 5 parts according to its function, namely:

1. Observation system, which is used for submarines to observe external conditions, such as radar and sonar.

2. Communication system, used for internal and external communication of submarines, such as **, towed antenna.

3. Navigation system, used for submarine navigation guidance, such as compass and inertial navigator.

4. ** system, used for combat, such as tornadoes, missiles.

5. Electromechanical system, including hull and power system.

Observation system, communication system, navigation system, ** system is usually the most concerned part, we are accustomed to the technical parameters of these four systems to evaluate the performance of the submarine, which is unscientific, in fact, the electromechanical system is the basis for the existence and normal use of the above systems, is the most important factor affecting the performance of the submarine. So let's talk about electromechanical systems with you.

The electromechanical system of a nuclear submarine usually has the following parts:

1. Reactor system. This system is the heart of the entire nuclear submarine, the power source of the entire boat. The main equipment includes: reactor, main circulation pump, related pipelines, equipment, various control and measuring instruments.

2. Two-loop system. The system is mainly responsible for converting the thermal energy generated by the nuclear reaction into mechanical energy, which is used to drive the steam turbine to generate electricity and drive the propeller to rotate. The main equipment includes steam generators, steam turbine generator sets, main steam turbine units, feed pumps, seawater pumps, shafts, seawater desalinations, related steam pipelines and valves, etc.

3. Electrical system. The system is mainly responsible for the power supply of all electrical equipment of the whole boat. The main equipment includes steam turbine generator set, main converter unit, diesel generator set, battery, switchboard, various motors, cables and related instruments.

4. Cabin system. The main functions are fire extinguishing and fire fighting of the whole boat, injection and drainage of the main water tank, hydraulic pressure, domestic garbage disposal, etc. The main equipment includes high-pressure gas station, hydraulic station, toilet, fire detection and extinguishing device, various water tanks, etc.

5. Air conditioning system. The main function is to electrolyze water to produce oxygen, purify the air, and cool the air of the whole boat. The main equipment includes refrigeration units, oxygen generators, air purification devices, ship-wide ventilation devices and related pipeline instruments

torpedo compartment, command compartment, main engine compartment (reactor compartment for nuclear submarines), auxiliary engine room, stern compartment, etc.;

2. According to the shape and structure: non-pressure-resistant hull, command station enclosure, deck, sonar shroud, propeller, bow rudder, hull rudder, stern rudder, etc.;

3. According to the use function: main power device system (nuclear submarine is a reactor device, conventional submarine is a diesel engine), emergency power system, power system, command system, torpedo system, cruise missile system, ballistic missile system, sonar system, communication system, underwater acoustic countermeasure system, control system, in-boat environmental control system, radiation protection system (nuclear submarine), life support system, etc.