What is diabetic nephropathy, does anyone know?

The main symptoms of diabetic nephropathy are proteinuria, decreased kidney function, edema of the lower limbs, and increased blood pressure. At the earliest, there will be a small amount of proteinuria. Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication of diabetes.

It needs to be timely**, controlled and stabilized, and avoid further aggravation.

Its full name is diabetic nephrotic syndrome, which is one of the microvascular complications of diabetes, due to the long-term high concentration of blood sugar through the renal circulation affects its hemodynamic system and metabolic function, resulting in local kidney tissue dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities, which can be manifested as increased proteinuria and increased urea nitrogen, and finally can lead to the occurrence of uremia.

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Diabetic nephropathy is caused by diabetes, which is a common and high-incidence complication of diabetes, while nephritis is one of the more common diseases of kidney disease.

Diabetic nephropathy is a particularly common and troublesome complication of diabetes among diabetic patients. In other words, diabetic nephropathy is one of the most serious complications of diabetes, and it is one of the manifestations of diabetic systemic microangiopathy, and its clinical characteristics are: early persistent proteinuria, most patients have no obvious symptoms, and some patients can show more foam in the urine (the proteinuria referred to here must first be ruled out by the doctor for other causes of increased protein in the urine), and gradually develop renal damage, hypertension, edema, and finally the disease progresses to an advanced stage, with severe renal failure, uremia requiring dialysis**, It is one of the leading causes of death for diabetic patients.

It is diabetes that causes high blood sugar, kidney complications, and kidney dysfunction.

Diabetic nephropathy refers to diabetic nephropathy when patients with diabetes have poor blood sugar control for a long time, resulting in a decrease in urine albumin and kidney function. If diabetic patients strictly control their blood sugar and blood pressure, the chance of diabetic nephropathy will be significantly reduced. Diabetic nephropathy is predisposed if people with poor glycemic control and other risk factors such as high blood pressure or high blood lipids are predisposed to develop diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by an increase in albumin in the urine in the early stages and an increase in serum creatinine and decreased renal function in the late stages.

China's diabetes ** guidelines recommend that diabetic patients should have urine albumin and serum creatinine checked once a year to detect diabetic nephropathy early. Aggressive blood sugar control and blood pressure control** in diabetic nephropathy can slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Hypoglycemic drugs such as SGLT-2 inhibitors, including dapagliflozin, empagliflozin and canagliflozin, GLP-1 receptor agonists, such as liraglutide, have been shown to delay the development of diabetic albuminuria and slow down the rise of creatinine.

In addition, antihypertensive drugs can be given to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers**, which can lower blood pressure and lower urine protein. Patients with diabetes should have urine albumin and serum creatinine checked annually for early detection of diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most common diseases of diabetes and one of the most important comorbidities of diabetic patients. So, what is diabetic nephropathy?

Li Bing, director of the Department of Nephrology of Chongqing Chinese Kidney Hospital, said that diabetic nephropathy is one of the most important microvascular complications of diabetes, chronic kidney disease caused by diabetes, and an important cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (kidney failure).

People who are susceptible to diabetic nephropathy.

Patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, and large fluctuations in blood glucose;

Patients with diabetes mellitus with a significant familial genetic predisposition;

Patients with other diabetic complications.

Symptoms of diabetic nephropathy.

In the early stages, there are often no obvious symptoms, and microalbuminuria is detected only through early screening for diabetes. The main symptoms of middle and advanced patients are hypertension and edema, and a large amount of proteinuria can be found in physical examination, and some patients may have anemia, and often combined with other microvascular complications, such as diabetic retinopathy and peripheral vascular, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications.

How to prevent diabetic nephropathy.

Control your blood sugar. Diabetic patients should have regular check-ups, such as blood tests and urine tests. The progression of kidney disease can be assessed according to the creatinine in the blood and the protein in the urine, and the condition can be grasped in time and the best plan can be adjusted.

Medical nutrition is required**.

Medical nutrition** should emphasize a rational diet, including the management of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus.

Pay attention to high calcium and low phosphorus. Things that are high in calcium are often also high in phosphorus, such as animal offal, pork ribs, shrimp skin, etc. Properly supplement fiber, you can eat more coarse grains such as corn, vegetables, fruits and other beneficial foods.

Motion. Long-term regular exercise can improve insulin sensitivity, improve glucose tolerance, reduce body weight, improve lipid metabolism, control blood sugar and blood pressure, and slow down the occurrence and progression of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.

Aggressively control blood pressure.

Elevated blood pressure is not only an important factor in accelerating the progression of diabetic nephropathy, but also a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease prognosis.

Avoid medications that can damage your kidneys.

Try not to use antipyretic and analgesic drugs, compound cold medicines and other drugs, if used for a long time, it can produce direct renal tubular toxicity. Antibiotics that are harmful to the kidneys, such as neomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and some cephalosporins, polymyxins, etc., should be used sparingly or contraindicated, and the dose should be adjusted when it must be used. (Contributed by Chongqing Middle Kidney Hospital).

Summary. Nephrosis refers to a variety of diseases that occur in the kidneys. Common kidney diseases include acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, IgA nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, acute and chronic pyelonephritis, acute and chronic renal failure, kidney stones, kidney injury, hydronephrosis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis, lupus nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, gouty nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, hepatitis B-associated nephritis, uremia, etc.

Common clinical manifestations include hematuria, proteinuria, edema, hypertension, etc. The prognosis of different diseases is also different, and patients with mild symptoms generally have a better prognosis after timely **; The prognosis is poor when it progresses to serious diseases such as kidney failure.

Diabetic nephropathy.

Glucose in human blood, referred to as blood sugar, is an important energy for maintaining the normal functioning of human tissues and organs**. However, long-term high blood sugar can also harm human health. Affected by genetics, environment and other factors, the body's ability to regulate blood sugar may be impaired, resulting in long-term hyperglycemia.

This kind of disease with chronic hyperglycemia as the main manifestation and seriously endangering the health of the body is called diabetes.

Nephrosis refers to a variety of diseases that occur in the kidneys. Common kidney diseases include acute and chronic glomerulonephritis, IgA nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, acute and chronic pyelonephritis, acute and chronic renal failure, kidney stones, kidney injury, hydronephrosis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis, lupus nephritis, diabetic nephropathy, gouty nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, hepatitis B-associated nephritis, uremia, etc. Common clinical manifestations include hematuria, proteinuria, edema, hypertension, etc.

The prognosis of different diseases is also different, and patients with mild symptoms generally have a better prognosis after timely **; The prognosis is poor when it progresses to serious diseases such as kidney failure.

Diabetic nephropathy refers to chronic kidney disease caused by diabetes. It is a kidney disease caused by prolonged blood sugar elevation and damage to the blood vessels of the kidneys.

The main hazards include the inability of harmful substances to be excreted normally, while the useful substances of proteins are excreted. Progression of the disease can lead to severe renal dysfunction or uremia, and about 50% of all patients on dialysis are diabetic nephropathy.

As a chronic complication of diabetes, its harm should not be underestimated!

The early prevention of diabetic nephropathy can be indicated by urine tests, such as urine protein, microalbumin, urine ketones and other indicators. Therefore, it is recommended to take regular urine tests to prevent the occurrence of diabetes complications, such as home health management with the help of some artificial intelligence detection devices (urine test toilet seats).

The causes of diabetes mellitus are related to and different types of diabetes. First, type 1 diabetes is due to the background of its own genetic inheritance, and then it is affected by some acquired factors, such as some poisons or drugs, which destroy the function of pancreatic islet cells, so that insulin secretion is insufficient, resulting in the manifestation of elevated blood sugar.

Second, type 2 diabetes is influenced by genetic background factors, plus some acquired factors, such as long-term unhealthy diet and lifestyle habits, too many calorie intake, obesity, etc., which can lead to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes.

Third, special types of diabetes, which mainly include some blood sugar increases caused by other diseases, such as acute pancreatitis or poor liver function, and other blood sugar increases caused by other endocrine diseases, commonly found in hyperthyroidism, glucocorticoid levels too high or gigantism, or growth hormone levels too high may affect blood sugar.

Fourth, gestational diabetes, this one is more special.

Causes of the formation of diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetic nephropathy is predominantly glomerulosclerosis, which is part of the microangiopathy and is mainly due to thickening of the capillary basement membrane. The main causes of diabetic nephropathy are high blood sugar, high blood pressure, and high protein intake. In a long-term hyperglycemic state, vascular permeability increases, and proteins are prone to leakage and deposition.

Although hypertension is not a factor in the onset of diabetic nephropathy, hypertension can aggravate the excretion of albumin in the urine and accelerate the progression of diabetic nephropathy and the deterioration of kidney function.

Be alert for early symptoms of diabetic nephropathy.

Increased nocturia. When nocturia increases in people with diabetes, the kidneys may be affected. Normal people have more urine during the day than at night; When the renal tubules are affected, the ability to concentrate decreases and the output of urine increases at night.

Edema. It is caused by a decrease in plasma albumin levels due to long-term loss of protein in the kidneys. Therefore, edema is no longer a manifestation of early diabetic nephropathy, but indicates that diabetic nephropathy has been present for quite some time.

Hypertension. High blood pressure can cause kidney damage, and kidney damage can also cause high blood pressure. Diabetic patients with high blood pressure often have kidney damage.

Protein in the urine. The presence of intermittent or persistent proteinuria indicates that diabetic nephropathy is in the first stage.

Diabetic nephropathy is glomerulosclerosis caused by abnormal metabolism of diabetes and is a component of systemic microangiopathy. With the improvement of living standards and the aging of the population in China, the prevalence of diabetes is increasing year by year, and about 30% to 40% of diabetic patients develop diabetic nephropathy. Once a patient with diabetic nephropathy develops overt kidney disease, it progresses and eventually develops end-stage renal disease.

In Europe and the United States and other countries, diabetic nephropathy is the primary choice of kidney replacement, accounting for about 50%. In China, diabetic nephropathy is the second most common form of chronic renal failure after glomerular disease.

The effect of propolis for diabetics is mainly reflected in lowering blood sugar, the principle is to restore part of the pancreatic function through its anti-inflammatory, immune, and antioxidant properties, so that the damage of pancreatic islet cells can be repaired and the function is improved. Propolis and some of the substances it contains are of great significance for delaying the absorption of sugar, as well as delaying or reducing the rise in blood sugar after meals. It can regulate blood sugar in both directions, and propolis is rich in flavonoids, terpenes and other medicinal ingredients, which have a hypoglycemic effect alone or synergistically.

The flavonoids rich in propolis have a good effect on regulating blood lipids, improving microcirculation, antioxidant and protecting blood vessels, and terpenes have good bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effects, which can reduce the complications of diabetes.

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The clinical symptoms of diabetic nephropathy are related to its stage as follows:

1. Early stage of diabetic nephropathy: urine test is negative, no clinical symptoms;

2. Normal albuminuria period: generally urine protein is negative, after strenuous exercise, urine protein is positive;

3. Microalbuminuria: microalbuminuria;

4. Proteinuria: proteinuria, edema, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc., may occur, and the symptoms are more obvious;

5. Kidney failure stage: patients may experience nausea and vomiting, increased blood pressure, and anemia in severe cases, with obvious symptoms.