Can human made viruses alter the human genome?

Is a virus a life? It has always been a controversial issue in the scientific community!

Viruses do not have their own metabolic mechanisms and do not have enzyme systems. As a result, when the virus leaves the host cell, it becomes a chemical substance that has no life activity and cannot reproduce on its own. The most basic living system is a cell, and a virus does not have a cellular structure, so although a virus is a living organism, there is no life activity when the virus exists independently, and the synthetic virus cannot be called artificially created life.

It must be synthetic life, because a virus is a life organism with life characteristics, although it has no cell structure, it can reproduce, metabolize, inherit and mutate... And so on, with the characteristics of a complete life, although it needs to rely on parasitism on the host cell, but it is indeed a complete life.

However, to date, no artificially synthesized virion has been reported. Although the virus is simple, there are still many mysteries that have not yet been discovered, so the creation of a new life is still in the research stage.

So far, what people can do is only to modify the virus, including removing some genes, adding a piece of genes, replacing some genes, and other simple modifications, including limiting or activating the activities of some genes, etc., in short, just modification.

An important reason for this is that viruses are not only nucleic acids, but also contain proteins and lipids that surround them, and human beings are still helpless in terms of their structural formation mechanism. At the same time, how to impart stable specific biological properties to a synthesized new virion is currently unrealizable.

It can be called artificially created life, and "Nature" reported that American scientists have synthesized bacteria artificially, called artificial life. Biologically speaking, life that can reproduce itself is life.

Although viruses are also a special kind of life, they cannot express the characteristics of life without living cells. Viruses are synthesized here, but this individual virus cannot exhibit vital characteristics unless it is placed in living cells. So, a single virus isn't life, right?

No.

Because the most basic living system is the cell, andViruses do not possess a cellular structure, so although viruses are living things, butThe virus has no vital activity when it exists independentlySynthetic viruses cannot be called artificially created life, and real life must be able to complete metabolism independently.

If you answer this in the exam, it will be a full score, and as for the questions you are struggling with, you need to reach the corresponding academic level (for example, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, at least a doctorate degree in biology or above** is meaningful.) ）

Yes, viruses also seem to be a type of living organism.

Yes, who dares to say that viruses are not living organisms!

Human genetic modification technology has come true, super humans will be born, and scientist: Hawking's prediction has come true.

Isn't sperm donation a super human?

It is still the rule that enslaves the poor.

According to the way that the virus program invades the system, computer viruses can be divided into the following four types:

Operating system: This virus is the most common and the most harmful.

Shell type: This virus mainly hides around legitimate main programs and is easy to write, as well as easy to check and remove.

Invasive: This virus inserts a part of the virus program into a legitimate main program and destroys the original program. This virus is more difficult to write.

Source type: This virus inserts the virus program into the source program written in a high-level language before the source program is compiled, and after compilation, it becomes a legitimate part of the executable program. This kind of program is difficult to write, and once inserted, it is extremely destructive.

Computer viruses are created for many different reasons. For example, viruses are deliberately created by employees to take revenge on the company and express their dissatisfaction; Some are just used to celebrate certain festivals; There are even some created by religious and political fanatics in order to make their voices heard through these channels.

Some programmers create viruses to show their abilities or challenge themselves or others, and they just want to see what the consequences of the virus will be or see if someone can get rid of it, but they are misusing their abilities.

In fact, many "viruses" are just bugs in the program. When a programmer designs a new program, many times they don't notice the small problems or bugs. It is because of these small problems or bugs that some unnecessary instructions and effects are caused.

Therefore, a good programmer should thoroughly check and test the program before it is made public. In fact, most "bug" viruses are not destructive, so it is correct that these bug viruses should be defined as "bugs" rather than "viruses".

How does it attack a computer?

When a packet is sent to a port, the port is used and replied with a receipt packet, which is sent to another server, which sends back a receipt packet and forms a loop.

Yes! For the sake of personal data, for the money!

Yes, if you have a computer, you have a virus! It should be said that someone has a virus! Human nature! Are some people bored?".

Academician Yang Huanming, Chairman of BGI, who participated in the "Human Genome Sequencing Project", said that synthetic biology is the third biotechnology revolution marked by genome design after the "DNA double helix discovery" and the "human genome sequencing project". He pointed out that the most important classification basis in the biological community is neither plants and animals, nor multicellular and unicellular organisms, but prokaryotes and eukaryotes. "The oak-like genomes of prokaryotes such as bacteria and viruses are relatively simple, while the genes (DNA) of eukaryotes such as animals, plants, fungi, etc., are rich and complex, often containing hundreds to even billions of base pairs.

At the same time, DNA, which is the genetic material, is often assigned to different chromosomes, which in turn are hidden deep in specific regions of the nucleus. Therefore, synthesizing a eukaryotic gene such as a group of genes is a very difficult task. However, if biology truly leads the technological revolution, synthetic eukaryotic genome technology will play a very central role.

> to complete the design and chemical reconstruction of the complete Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, the international scientific community launched the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Genome Synthesis Project (the Project), which is a landmark international collaboration project in synthetic genomics research. The project was initiated by Jeff Burke, an academician of the American Academy of Sciences, with the participation and collaboration of research institutions in the United States, China, the United Kingdom, France, Australia, Singapore, etc., to try to redesign and synthesize all 16 chromosomes (about 12MB long, 1MB is a million base pair).

Yuan Yingjin, a professor at Tianjin University's School of Chemical Engineering, was one of the first Chinese scientists to participate in the program, and has published two articles as corresponding author in the journal Science**. Like fruit flies and zebrafish, which are often used in scientific experiments, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a "model eukaryotic single-celled organism" in biological research, he said. "If the synthesis of viral genomes has opened up the study of genome chemical synthesis, then the continuous breakthroughs in the synthesis of prokaryotes and eukaryotes have initially realized the regulation of life of single-celled prokaryotes and eukaryotes by chemical total synthetic genomes.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the first eukaryotic organism to be sequenced whole-genome, and the large-scale design and reconstruction of the yeast genome is a direct test of the authenticity, completeness and accuracy of the current knowledge store in the field of yeast. On the one hand, the chemical synthesis of yeast can help human beings to understand some basic biological problems more deeply, and on the other hand, through the genome rearrangement system, the yeast can achieve rapid evolution and obtain strains with important application potential in medicine, energy, environment, agriculture, industry and other fields. ”

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was first proposed by American scientists in 1985 and officially launched in 1990. Scientists from the United States, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan and China are involved in the $3 billion Human Genome Project. The aim of this project is to accurately sequence the human genome composed of more than 3 billion alkali sonyl pairs, discover all human genes and find out their position on chromosomes, and decipher all human genetic information.

Together with the Manhattan Atomic Bomb Project and the Awajean Burn Rocket Project, they are known as the three major scientific programs.

China joined the program in 1993 and undertook 1% of the sequencing tasks, that is, about 30MB on the short arm of human chromosome 3. On June 28, 2000, the working sketch of the human genome was completed.