Jiang Yong s first class Hongda, second class second class large, three or four are fine, and four

It refers to the loud sound and the thin sound. The Hong sound is the opening and closing of the mouth, and the thin sound is the mouth and mouth calling.

Refers to the size of the opening when pronouncing.

This refers to the loudness of the sound.

Phonology Distinguishing Micro: One Volume (Qing Wuyuan) by Jiang Yong; (Qing Fengcheng) Xiong Luo Su School Engraved Edition, School Engraving Fengcheng: Xiong Luo Su, Qing.

1 volume. Half leaf 9 lines, 21 characters, black mouth, left and right bilateral, black single fish tail, there is a sentence to read, no engraved work name. Title page title:

Bingchen Qiu's retreat is the theme of Gu Zhizhai". The frontispiece is engraved with the words "Qianlong has Mao [1759] Zhongchun Wuyuan Jiang Ji Shen Xiu's book in Hongchuan Book House, when he was seventy years old, nine out of nine", wrote "Introduction to Phonology and Micro Discrimination". Wire mounting.

At the end of the table of contents is the "Fang's Collection" vermilion square Yin inscription.

Ancient Books Library Call Number: 1:12249 The content of this book is mainly to clarify some basic concepts of phonology. The book is divided into 12 parts, including 11 discernments and 1 treatise. Followed by a dialectic of three equal rhyme works.

First, distinguish the level; 2. Distinguish four tones; 3. Distinguish letters; Fourth, distinguish the seven tones; 5. Distinguish turbidity; 6. Identify suspicions; 7. Distinguish the opening and closing; 8. Distinguish the ranks; 9. Distinguish and turn; 10. Distinguish the sound without words; Ten.

1. Distinguish the voice of infants and children; Ten.

2. On "pictures" and "books" as the source of sound.

The book expresses some of the concepts in the rhyme, some of which have had a significant influence on later scholars. For example, the eighth article distinguishes the ranks: the first class is large, the second class is large, the third and fourth are all fine, and the fourth is especially fine. The method of distinguishing the degree must be distinguished by the letter (the alphabet is explained in detail in the book, which is omitted here).

Some of the entries in the book are not accurate. For example, the third letter says: "The thirty-six letters are about the Sui and Tang dynasties, and they are the general holders of the reverse cut, each with its own position, and cannot be increased or decreased at will, and the order of change cannot be changed."

Yunyun, in fact, from the understanding of modern phonetics, the order of the thirty-six letters can be arranged in several ways, and it is not immovable. Another example is Article 11 of distinguishing the sounds of infants and children, which advocates that it is wrong to distinguish the phonetic order and the difference between sound classes from the infant's learned language. Article 12 regards "Hetu" and "Luoshu" as the source of speech, which is even more absurd.

Driving routes: The whole journey is about kilometres.

Starting point: Ningxiang County.

1.Changsha city driving program.

1) From the starting point, drive due west for 300 meters, pass the Ningxiang County Administrative Center Conference Center on the right for about 110 meters, and turn left.

2) Drive 60 meters and turn right into Jinzhou Avenue.

3) Drive along Jinzhou Avenue for 30 meters and make a U-turn into Jinzhou Avenue.

4) Drive along Jinzhou Avenue for kilometers and turn left into Ningxiang Avenue.

5) Drive along Ningxiang Avenue for kilometers and turn slightly right onto the ramp.

6) Drive along the ramp for kilometers and go straight onto Changzhang Expressway.

7) Drive along Changzhang Expressway for kilometers, towards Wangcheng, Xiangtan, Linwu S61, and turn slightly right onto the ramp.

8) Drive along the ramp for kilometers and go straight into Yuelin Expressway.

9) Drive along the Yuelin Expressway for kilometers and go straight into Changxiang Expressway.

2.Drive along the Changxiang Expressway for kilometers and go straight into the Yuelin Expressway.

3.Drive along the Yuelin Expressway for kilometers, towards Jiahe Guilin Ningyuan G76, turn slightly right into Jiahe Interchange.

4.Drive 760 meters along Jiahe Interchange and go straight into Xiarong Expressway.

5.Drive along Xiarong Expressway for kilometers, towards Hezhou S81 G207 Daoxian, turn slightly right onto the ramp.

6.Follow the ramp for kilometers and turn right onto the Michiga Expressway.

7.Drive along the Doga Highway for kilometers and turn slightly right onto the ramp.

8.Follow the ramp for 700 meters and go straight.

9.Driving plan in Jiangyong County.

1) Drive for km, towards Huilongwei, turn right into X078

2) Drive along X078 and turn right ahead.

3) Drive a kilometer, cross the Bazi Bridge and turn left.

4) Drive 100 meters to the end of the line.

Destination: Huilongwei Town.

What is "etc."? In fact, "etc" is an analysis of the structure of finals.

Equal rhyme scholars summarize the rhyme of "Guangyun" into four equal levels. The division is as follows, and the flat sound includes going up and entering the sound.

First-class rhyme: Song model Tai Bang Gray Haohou soul scar cold Huan Dong Tang Dengqin talk.

Third-class rhyme: Gedong.

Second-class rhyme: Jia Ji Ji deletes the mountains and rivers and cultivates the salty title.

Second, third-class rhyme. Ma Geng.

Third-class rhyme: Yuyu Zhizhi's micro sacrifice waste night You Youzhen Wen Xin Yuan Xian Zhongyang steamed salt Yan Fan.

Fourth-class rhyme: Qi Xiao first Qingtian.

So what does "wait" mean? Jiang Yong, a native of the Qing Dynasty, said: "The first class is large, the second class is large, the third and fourth are all fine, and the fourth is especially fine." The difference between the four classes is the depth of the sound.

Taking the analysis of modern phonology, the lower vowels of the tongue sound louder, that is, the Hongyin; The higher on the tongue and the earlier vowels sound lower and are thin sounds.

The criteria for grading are mainly the high or low or before and after the main vowels of the vowels. The vowels of the first rank are lower and backward, and the second, third, and fourth are higher and more advanced.

"etc" refers to the subtlety of the finals, and there is no difference in the pronunciation of the initials. However, the study of equal rhyme also talks about the "waiting" of initials, which is mainly due to two reasons:

1.Because some initials can only be matched with a specific "waiting" rhyme, for example, the light through the bed can only be followed.

The second and third rhymes are combined, so they are considered to have only the second and third grades.

2.Because the production of rhyme charts is not scientific. So the initials also have "wait".

When we say the number of initials, we mean the words that can be spelled with the initials. For example:

The second class of the Zhao system has the words "total, 嵷 (song3), swollen, fir" (cong1), 幒 (zhong1)" and so on, and the third class has the words "send, species, 緃, from", etc., and the second class words we say according to the system refer to the words - total, 嵷, swollen, fir, 幒, etc., and the third class words refer to - "send, species, 緃, from" and other words.

To understand the concept of "etc.", it is necessary to have a certain understanding of rhyme diagrams.

This question is difficult to explain without looking at the rhyme diagram, so attach a rhyme diagram. This picture is from the "Rhyme Mirror", which is currently recognized as the earliest complete rhyme diagram in existence. The rhyme diagram is to separate each rhyme of the rhyme book into a criss-cross **, vertically arrange the words with the same initials, and horizontally arrange the words with the same finals and tones.

The leftmost part of the picture is the rhyme section, each rhyme section occupies a large column, and the right side is divided into four lines. This is called "etc." The above are the letters (initials) and their classification (lips, teeth, tongue, teeth, larynx).

In the eyes of the ancients, it is to take the reverse cut word (the same kind of reverse cut word is classified into one letter) as the warp, and the reverse cut word (the same kind of reverse cut word is classified into a rhyme) as the weft, permutation and combination. For example, the first word "wind" from the right of the third line is the initial of the labial sound (in fact, it is the mother), which is combined with the eastern third-class rhyme. The circle in the picture means that there is no word after the initial and the initial are combined, which is the so-called sound without words.

For example, there is no equivalent to the sound gī in our current Chinese. If we use the initials and finals of modern Chinese to make a table, then the box where g and ī are combined must also be empty.

We only look at the situation of Dongyun, the words in this line are all Dongyun, and the words listed in the third class are generally considered to have an I pronunciation, which is the difference between it and the first-class words. For the same rhyme, there is no difference in the main vowel. This is a case of grading.

The other scenario is as follows.

There are four rhymes in one column, which means that there is a connection between these four rhymes, that is, the main vowels are similar. In addition to the characteristic of having an i-meso, the main vowel of the third-class "Xiao" (宵) listed here is also different from the first-class "Hao", which is different from the previous "east" rhyme, which is divided into first-class and third-class rhymes. In response to this situation, you can use Jiang Yong's sentence:

The first class is large, the second class is large, the third and fourth are all fine, and the fourth is especially fine. That is to say, the size of the opening of the main vowel decreases according to the first, second, third, fourth, etc.

There are also two special cases of false equal and heavy buttons.

The so-called fake, etc., can be simply regarded as a compromise method in the production of rhyme diagrams, that is, in order to save the space of rhyme diagrams and facilitate arrangement, some temporary means that do not conform to the rules of rhyme diagram production are artificially adopted. The false class only occurs in the two groups of Jingzhuang and the third class of Yu Mu, the third class of the fine group is placed in the fourth class, the third class of the Zhuang group is placed in the second class, and some of the third class words of Yu Mu are placed in the fourth class. Looking at Figure 1, originally there were only first and third classes in the eastern rhyme, but in fact, the rhyme map listed "Chong" and "Song" on the second and fourth classes (there is a problem with the word "Rong", which will not be discussed in detail here).

Among them, "Chong" is the third class of Chongmu (Zhuang Group), and "Song" is the third class of Heart Mother (Jing Group).

The so-called heavy button, this problem is difficult to explain simply. Xiaoxue has perfected the entry of the heavy button on the encyclopedia, and probably explained some problems in this regard, and the landlord can refer to it if he is interested.

There are too many to answer, so let's talk about it briefly.

Flat delivery is not sent is flat air delivery, and sound is not air.

The second call is the opening and closing of the mouth, and now it is divided into four calls, which are the opening of the mouth, the joint mouth of the mouth, the closing of the mouth, and the pinching of the mouth.

The fourth class is the first class without the consonant, the second consonant r, the third consonant j, and the fourth-class consonant i. Jiang Yong said that the first class is large, the second class is large, the third and fourth are all fine, and the fourth is especially fine, which is a pronunciation problem.

The four tones of the school are to say that the ancient words of the voice have disappeared in modern times, and they are sent into the four tones of today.

The sharp sound is the three letters j, q, and x, and some people will pronounce the sound of s, which is often mentioned and existed in dramas and operas.

Bisecting yin and yang is the division of yin and yang into yin and yang.

I can memorize the 206 rhyme of Guangyun, but it is too troublesome to write, and I can't type a lot of words. You also have to learn on your own.

16 photos are: Tongjiang only encounters crabs in the mountains, and the effect of false stalks has been deep and salty.

15. Different characteristics of pulse signs, five classifications - five pulses to determine the location of the disease - easy to perform typhoid fever on pulse diagnosis + tongue diagnosis open class.